Lecture 3: New Colonies

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Lecture 3 New Colonies
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Puritan Refugees Connecticut and Rhode Island

• The Puritan migration to New England was very
  marked in its effects in the two decades from
  1620 to 1640, after which it declined sharply for
  a while.
• The term Great Migration usually refers to the
  migration in this period of English settlers,
  primarily Puritans to Massachusetts and the warm
  islands of the West Indies, especially the sugar
  rich island of Barbados, 1630-40.

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• They came in family groups, rather than as
  isolated individuals and were motivated chiefly
  by a quest for freedom to practice their Puritan
  religion.
• Famous Puritans
• Thomas Hooker
• Roger Williams
• Anne Hutchinson

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Propriety Colonies Maryland and Pennsylvania

• Maryland named after the King of England's wife
  Henrietta Maria, who was a catholic.
• Many of the people living in Maryland practiced
  the catholic faith making it unique in the
  colonies as most were protestants.
• Its economy was based on tobacco.

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Pennsylvania

• Given land by King Charles the II as payment,
  William Penn was giving a large pact of land west
  of the Delaware River.
• Penn and his family belonged to the Quaker sect,
  a religious group that favored religious
  toleration and pacifism.
• The Quakers had been prosecuted in England for
  their unwillingness to pay taxes to support the
  English military or the church.
• This led to Penn opening up his colony for anyone
  who was being persecuted.

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• Pennsylvania attracted many farmers from Germany
  and England.
• Philadelphia comes from the Greek meaning city
  of brotherly love.

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The Carolinas

• Named after King Charles II
• The economy was based on tobacco plantations.
• By 1675 North Carolina had a population of over
  5,000.
• Settlers from the overcrowded islands of Barbados
  founded another colony.
• The settlers brought over many slaves who made up
  almost half of the colonys population.

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New York

• During the early 17th century the independent
  Netherlands established a fur trading colony
  along the Hudson river-at the tip of Manhattan
  Island- called New Amsterdam.
• The Dutch West-India Companys alliance with the
  Iroquois soon enabled it to dominate the fur
  trade throughout the Great Lakes.

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Societies in Conflict

• Relations between the colonists and native
  Americans were at first peaceful, but with new
  diseases and the need for expansion, violence
  once again reared its head.
• Major Conflict include
• King Philips War 1675
• Nathanial Bacons Rebellion 1676
• Salem Witch Trials 1692
• King Williams War 1689

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King Philips War

• King Philip's War, sometimes called Metacom's
  War, Metacomet's War, or Metacom's Rebellion,1
  was an armed conflict between Native American
  inhabitants of present-day southern New England
  and English colonists and their Native American
  allies in 1675-1676.

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• The war is named after the main leader of the
  Native American side, Metacomet, known to the
  English as "King Philip".
• Major Benjamin Church emerged as the Puritan hero
  of the war it was his company of Puritan rangers
  and Native American allies that finally hunted
  down and killed King Philip on August 12, 1676.

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• The war continued in northern New England
  (primarily on the Maine frontier) after King
  Philip was killed, until a treaty was signed at
  Casco Bay in April 1678.
• The war was the single greatest calamity to occur
  in seventeenth-century Puritan New England.
• In little over a year, nearly half of the
  region's towns were destroyed, its economy was
  all but ruined, and much of its population was
  killed, including one-tenth of all men available
  for military service.5

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• Proportionately, it was one of the bloodiest and
  costliest wars in the history of North America.
• More than half of New England's ninety towns
  were assaulted by Native American warriors.
• King Philip's War was the beginning of the
  development of a greater American identity, for
  the trials and tribulations suffered by the
  colonists gave them a group identity separate and
  distinct from subjects of the English Crown.

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Bacons Rebellion

• Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the
  Virginia Colony in North America, led by a
  29-year-old planter Nathaniel Bacon.
• About a thousand Virginians rose because they
  resented Virginia Governor William Berkeley's
  friendly policies towards the Native Americans.
• When Berkeley refused to retaliate for a series
  of Indian attacks on frontier settlements, others
  took matters into their own hands, attacking
  Indians, chasing Berkeley from Jamestown,
  Virginia, and torching the capitol.

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• It was the first rebellion in the American
  colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took
  part a similar uprising in Maryland occurred
  later that year.
• A protest against raids on the frontier some
  historians also consider it a power play by Bacon
  against Berkeley, and his policies of favoring
  his own court.
• Their alliance disturbed the ruling class, who
  responded by hardening the racial caste of
  slavery.
• While the farmers did not succeed in their goal
  of driving Native Americans from Virginia, the
  rebellion did result in Berkeley being recalled
  to England.

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Salem Witch Scare
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Salem Witch Trials

• In 1691 several young women in the Massachusetts
  port of Salem were accused of witchcraft.
• Throughout 1692 the community was in turmoil,
  with over 100 women and a few men accused of
  involvement in witchcraft.
• 20 individuals were convicted and executed before
  the new governor ordered a halt to the trials.

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• Most commonly those accused of witchcraft were
  old women, unmarried or widowed, who were
  denounced by their neighbors out of fear and
  jealousy.
• The accused came from the more prosperous
  commercial parts of the town and were members of
  religious minorities, such as Anglicans and
  Quakers.
• Their accusers were largely from areas of the
  town that were suffering economically, and were
  mostly Puritans.

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King Williams War

• In the final decade of the 17th cent a lengthy
  struggle began b/w France and England for control
  of North America.
• The first part of the conflict, known in North
  America as King Williams War, began in 1689 when
  a combined force of English and Iroquois attacked
  Montreal.
• The French who were allied with the Algonquins
  also raided frontier settlements.

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• The importance of this war is that it
  foreshadowed the imperial struggle of the 18th
  cent and led governments to increase their
  control over the American colonies in order to
  ensure a more coordinated defence.
• In 1701, the English took direct control over the
  proprietary colonies, ensuring that each colony
  had a royal governor.

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Emerging Patterns

• Impact of contact b/w natives and colonists.
• Natives struggle to adapt
• Equality disappearing b/w groups
• People came for economic and religious freedom
• Differences were emerging between urban and
  frontier society

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Check your understanding

• 1. What reasons did Anne Hutchinson and Roger
  Williams have for leaving Massachusetts and
  establishing a colony in Rhode Island?
• 2. Why were the colonies of Maryland and
  Pennsylvania founded?
• 3. What were the common factors in King Philips
  War, Bacons Rebellion, and other conflicts with
  Native Americans?
• 4. How did the Iroquois use their relations with
  the English?
• 5. What relationships are shown between the
  Native Americans and the English and French in
  King Williams War?