The End of the Cold War

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The End of the Cold War

• 1985 - 1991

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Democracy Sweeps Through Eastern Europe

• POLAND
• CZECHOSLOVAKIA
• GERMANY
• ROMANIA
• BULGARIA
• HUNGARY

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The causes long/short term

• LONG TERM
• The Information Age

Can someone Explain????
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• The spread of ideas via technology (satellites,
  etc.)
• (similar to impact of the Guttenberg Press
  1400s)

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Long Term Cause 2

• GLOBAL DEMOCRATIZATION
• ( of new democracies grew 5x between 1950-2000)

Due to fall of colonialism- Post WWII
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LONG TERM CAUSE 3

• Travelers from the West
• (Ex People to People exchange programs)
• Increase in air travel (cheaper)

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Short Term Causes

• Who were the leaders of the U.S. and USSR during
  the early 1980s?

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End of the Cold War

• The end of the cold war is our common victory
• - Mikhail Gorbachev

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RONALD REAGAN 40th President of U.S. (1981-89)
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Calls USSR the evil empire (83)
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The Reagan Doctrine

• Put pressure on USSR to give up its evil empire
• U.S. pledges support to any national groups
  interested in protecting their governments from
  Communist takeover
• NICARAGUA and GRENADA

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Iran Contra
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The End of Bolshevik Era Leaders

• Brezhnev dies 1982
• Andropov rules 1982-84, dies
• Chernenko rules 1984-85,dies
• Reagan quips Id be happy to negotiate with
  them if theyd just quite dying on me..

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Mikhail Gorbachev Gen. Party Secy (1985-1991)
1st Soviet Leader Born after Russian Revolution
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Gorbachev a new generation

• Gorbachev born in 1931
• Reagan sees potential here.

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BOTH WANTED TO END THIS RIVALRY

• WHY????

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The Expenses

• Superior Technology
• Est. that the US spent 2 trillion in 1996
  dollars on all strategic nuclear forces
  throughout the Cold War
• Expensive Wars
• US Vietnam
• USSR Afghanistan

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Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

• Started in 1979 by Brezhnev (Brezhnev Doctrine)

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Afghanistan

• Feb 1989- last Soviet soldiers withdraw from
  Afghanistan
• What does that say about Brezhnev?

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Cost of US in Iraq and Afghanistan today
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• The U.S. spent 34 billion in Afghanistan in
  2008. This year, the Obama administration, which
  is sending additional forces to the country,
  plans to spend 47 billion. Military analysts
  believe Iraq war costs will continue to decline
  and the Afghanistan war costs will increase.
• Iraq War 694,000,000,000
• Vietnam War 686,000,000,000
• Korean War 320,000,000,000
• Afghanistan War 171,000,000,000
• Gulf War 96,000,000,000
• In Vietnam, U.S. forces at their peak had up to
  3xs as many troops at any one time as in Iraq
  and suffered 58,000 deaths, more than 13 xs as
  many as have died in Iraq.
• The Iraq war was the second-longest modern war
  ever fought with an all-volunteer U.S. force,
  behind the smaller-scale effort in Afghanistan.
  Volunteer forces are more expensive, largely as a
  result of the higher salaries and related costs
  needed to retain people

• s are adjusted for inflation

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US NUKES ARSENAL (2009)
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ECONOMIC ISSUES

• The economies of nations behind the Iron Curtain
  were in trouble.
• Ea. Germany saw the prosperity/wealth of their W.
  German neighbors.
• Russia ? long lines of people waiting to buy
  food. They needed coupons from the government
  just to buy socks.
• trillions of that both the U.S. and the
  U.S.S.R. spent on nuclear arms and conventional
  armies had caused the problems in Russia.
• built-up demand for freedom for those living
  behind the Iron Curtain.

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Gorbachevs Plan

• perestroika a restructuring of the Soviet
  economy..thru..
• glasnost -openness
• (Seeks ways to cut defense spending to improve
  Soviet life)

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BOTH LEADERS-PRAGMATIC
Note the Time Background What do you see?
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And they do..
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Three times.

• Making agreements to disarm over time
• 1987 1st was Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces
  Treaty (INF) more than 2,600 medium-range
  nuclear missiles removed from Europe.- 1st armed
  reduction instead of restriction

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Hungary

• May 1989
• Dismantled barbed wire fence along Austrian
  border
• E. Germans fled to the West through Hungary
• Led to riots in many Soviet Republics

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Poland
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Poland

• April 1989- Solidarity (Polish trade union)
  becomes legal
• June 1989- National elections in Poland elect
  Solidarity candidates
• Aug 1989- First ever non-communist post-WWII
  govt takes charge in Poland
• America responded with only minimal aid

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Czechoslovakia

• Vaclav Havel

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Czechoslovakia

• Nov 1989- Vaclav Havel comes out of prison
• Series of peaceful riots
• Communist government left by Dec 1989, Vaclav
  Havel President
• Velvet Revolution

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East Germany
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JUNE 12, 1987
Reagan at B. Wall Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this
wall (cleverly puts pressure on USSR to
relinquish control of Bloc)
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East Germany

• Fleeing East Germans forced E. German leadership
  to make concessions
• Travel restrictions lifted
• Nov 9, 1989- the Berlin Wall fell
• Peter Jennings Report http//www.youtube.com/wat
  ch?vjnCPdLlUgvofeaturerelated
• Footage of the Wall Falling
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vMM2qq5J5A1s

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US Response?

• US had done nothing really to cause 1989
• Gave congratulations to new leaders of
  democracies
• Sent tiny sums of money to Eastern Europe
• Wanted Gorbachev to prosper on his own

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The Fall of the USSR

• Bush fails to choose between Soviet republics and
  Gorbachev
• August 1991 - attempted coup by Soviet
  hard-liners failed b/c of Boris Yeltsin
• December 25, 1991 14 republics declared
  independence
• USSR IS DISSOLVED..

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GORBACHEV STEPS DOWN

• CIS is formed (COMMONWEALTH of INDEPENDENT
  STATES)
• TodayRUSSIAN FEDERATION
• Boris Yeltsin becomes leader of Russia

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Eastern Eur/former USSR today
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Dissolution of the USSR
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US Response

• Arms reduction
• NEW FOREIGN POLICY
• Isolationism or Interventionism??? (Weve seen
  this before)
• Kuwait?
• Yugoslavia
• US involvement in World Economy?
• What will be the future of American foreign
  policy?

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START II
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Democracy sweeps thru Europe

• YET..not for the people of
• CHINA Tiannamen Square June 1989
• CUBA
• VIETNAM
• NORTH KOREA

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Chinese seek democratic reform
2600 Killed
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EVIL EMPIRE is gone

• YET MORE EVIL IS ON THE HORIZON

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1990s Age of Terrorism
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ENEMIES not nations, but groups
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Al-Qaeda attack on America
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