That Damned Fence (circulated at Arizona internment camp)

1

• That Damned Fence (circulated at Arizona
  internment camp)
•  
• Theyve sunk the posts deep into the ground
• Theyve strung out wires all the way around.
• With machine gun nests just over there,
• And sentries and soldiers everywhere.
•  
• Were trapped like rats in a wired cage,
• To fret and fume with impotent rage
• Yonder whispers the lure of the night,
• But that DAMNED FENCE assails our sight.
•  
• We seek the softness of the midnight air,
• But that DAMNED FENCE in the floodlight glare
• Awakens unrest in our nocturnal quest,
• And mockingly laughs with vicious jest.
•  
• With nowhere to go and nothing to do,
• We feel terrible, lonesome, and blue

• Imprisoned here for a long, long time,
• We know were punished though weve committed
  no crime,
• Our thoughts are gloomy and enthusiasm damp,
• To be locked up in a concentration camp.
•  
• Loyalty we know, and patriotism we feel,
• To sacrifice our upmost was our ideal,
• To fight for our country, and die, perhaps
• But were here because we happen to be Japs.
•  
• We all love life, and our country best,
• Our misfortune to be here in the west,
• To keep us penned behind that DAMNED FENCE,
• Is someones notion of NATIONAL DEFENSE!

• Discuss the document
• What was life like in the camps?
• Why were these camps created?
• Was this an appropriate action for the U.S.
  government to take?

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Opportunities and Obstacles for Minorities at
HomeJapanese Internment

• Japanese
• Executive Order 9066
• Internment Camps
• immigrants and citizens
• West Coast residents
• upheld as constitutional
• paid reparations

3
The End of WW2

• 3/1

4
WW2 Conferences

• Casablanca (Jan. 1943)
• Churchill and Roosevelt
• Increase pressure on Japan demand unconditional
  surrender
• Tehran (winter 1943)
• Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
• Agreed to open Western and Eastern front against
  Germany
• Yalta (Feb. 1945)
• Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
• occupation zones
• free and fair elections
• Soviet entry on Pacific front
• Potsdam (July 1945)
• Churchill, Truman, Stalin
• Russia agreed to enter against Japan must accept
  unconditional surrender or face prompt and utter
  destruction

How and by whom should war time decisions be
made? What should be the primary concerns when
making wartime decisions?
5

• Its 1939, and President Roosevelt has received
  a letter from Albert Einstein alerting the U.S.
  that Germany might be building an atomic bomb
  (although some scientists say such a feat is
  impossible) and detailing the significant
  destruction such a weapon could cause.
• Would you advise the president to begin a U.S.
  program dedicated to the development of an atomic
  bomb?

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Unit 5 Debate

• Question The United States decision to drop
  atomic bombs on Japan was a necessary evil?
• Initial Vote
• Opening statements (follow-up vote)
• Direct questions
• Audience questions
• Closing statements
• Final Vote and debrief

1 to vote yes 2 to vote no
7
Little Boy and Fat Man
8
Hiroshima
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(No Transcript)
10
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Nagasaki
13
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• Approximately 180,000 died in each city
  (immediately or in the following months)
• Approximately 90 of each city suffered some
  degree of structural damage

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U.S. Occupation of Japan (1945-1952)

• under the guidance of General Douglas MacArthur,
  the U.S. set out to demilitarize and democratize
  Japan
• Lots of financial aid
• Political Changes wrote a new constitution
• Institution of democracy the emperor remains a
  ceremonial figure, but all power rests with the
  people
• Extended equal rights to women and protected
  additional civil liberties (e.g. free speech)
• Eliminated the military (later allowed to have a
  self-defense force) Japan may never go to war
  again (peace clause)
• Economic Changes
• Redistributed land to small farmers
• Encouraged union organization

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• Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest
  resistance from
• women
• immigrants and big-city residents
• westerners and southerners
• businesspeople and labor leaders
• evangelical Protestants

19

• All of the following are true of Marcus Garvey,
  founder of the United Negro Improvement
  Association, EXCEPT he
• promoted the resettlement of American blacks in
  Africa
• advocated the idea of developing an elite
  talented tenth to lead African-American
  progress
• inspired strong feelings of self-confidence and
  self-reliance among blacks
• was convicted of mail fraud and deported by the
  U.S. government
• sponsored black-owned business enterprises

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• During the 1920s, the Supreme Court
• often ruled against progressive legislation
• rigorously upheld the antitrust laws
• generally promoted government regulation of the
  economy
• staunchly defended the rights of organized labor
• upheld laws providing special protection for
  women

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• Americas major foreign-policy problem in the
  1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which
• ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention
  in Central America and the Caribbean
• established a ratio of allowable naval strength
  between the United States, Britain, and Japan
• condemned the Japanese aggression against
  Manchuria
• aimed to prevent Germany re-armament
• provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and
  war-reparations payments

22

• The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was
  established to
• provide money for construction of dams on the
  Tennessee River
• lend money for federal public works projects
• provide direct economic assistance to labor
• make loans to businesses, banks, and state and
  local governments
• outlaw yellow dog (antiunion) contracts

23

• The phrase Hundred Days refers to
• the worst weeks of the Great Depression
• the time it took for Congress to begin acting on
  President Roosevelts plans for combating the
  Great Depression
• the first weeks of Franklin Roosevelts
  presidency
• the lame-duck period between Franklin
  Roosevelts election and his inauguration
• the last ditch effort of Hoover to drive through
  conservative legislation before leaving office

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• Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained national
  popularity by
• advocating social justice for all
• blaming Jews for the Depression
• supporting a 200/month old-age pension
• running on the Democratic ticket with Franklin
  Roosevelt
• promising to give every family 5000

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• As a result of the 1937 Roosevelt recession,
• Roosevelt backed away from further economic
  experiments
• Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit
  spending) economics
• Social Security taxes were reduced
• Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1938
• much New Deal legislation was ruled
  unconstitutional

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• Japan believed that it was forced into war with
  the United States because Franklin Roosevelt
  insisted that Japan
• a. withdraw from the Dutch East Indians
• b. leave China
• c. renew its trade with America
• d. break its treaty of nonaggression with
  Germany
• e. remove the Emperor from power

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• In the Munich Conference
• a. Hitler agrees to form an alliance with Italy
  and Japan
• b. the Big Three agreed to demand unconditional
  surrender from the Germans and the Japanese
• c. The United States promised Germany that it
  would remain neutral in the war
• d. the Nazis worked out the details of the
  Final Solution
• e. Britain and France gave in to Hitlers
  territorial demands

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• The provision of the Atlantic Charter signed by
  Roosevelt and Churchill in 1941 included
• a. self-determination for oppressed peoples and
  a new international peacekeeping organization
• b. a permanent alliance between Britain, the
  United States, and the Soviet Union
• c. a pledge to rid the world of dictators and
  to establish democratic governments in Germany
  and Italy
• d. an agreement to oppose Soviet communism, but
  only after Hitler was defeated
• e. plans for dividing territories won during
  World War II

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• During World War II
• labor unions declared a self-imposed moratorium
  on strikes
• farm production declined
• for security reasons, the bracero program with
  Mexico was temporarily halted
• production of consumer goods doubled
• labor unions substantially increased their
  membership

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• Most of the money raised to finance World War II
  came through
• tariff collections
• borrowing
• raising income taxes
• voluntary contributions
• corporate profits

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• The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was
  turned following the Battle of
• Leyte Gulf
• the Java Sea
• the Coral Sea
• Iwo Jima
• Midway

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To End

• Should the United States use of atomic bombs be
  considered crimes against humanity?