MEC 4

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MEC 4

• PUNCTUATION LESSON 152

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THE COLON

• To indicate that an initial clause in a sentence
  will be further explained or illustrated.
• e.g. There is only one way to survive here we
  have to help each other.
• The first word of the second clause may be
  CAPITALIZED or not.
• e.g. There is only one way to survive here
  We have to help each other.

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COLON

• To introduce a long formal statement, a
  quotation, or a question.
• e.g. After a long pause, the judge said You
  are innocent.
• The question is Can you finish this exam in
  just ten minutes?

The first word of the second clause MUST be
CAPITALIZED.
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COLON

• To introduce a list of items, examples, or the
  like.
• e.g. I need four things food, shelter, water,
  and love.
• My mom makes three kinds of food for
  Thanksgiving turkey, sweet potatoes, and
  dressing.

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COLON

• The COLON is often preceded by such words as
  THESE, THE FOLLOWING or AS FOLLOWS.
• e.g. I have lots of things to do tomorrow. But
  the following are the priorities TAKING Sam to
  the doctor, GETTING Maggies medicine, GOING to
  the garage to have the car fixed and BUYING
  Edward a birthday gift.

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COLON

• Notice that in the previous sentence, the verbs
  that follow the colon are expressed in PARALLEL
  GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE.
• e.g. I have lots of things to do tomorrow. But
  the following the priorities TAKE Sam to the
  doctor, GET Maggies medicine, GO to the garage
  to have the car fixed and BUY Edward a birthday
  gift.

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COLON

• Colons follow labels that identify important
  ideas meant to get attention.
• e.g. Warning To be opened by authorized
  personnel only.
• Notice Do not use after October 15th.

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COLON

• Salutation in FORMAL letters.
• e.g. Dear Mr. Smith
• Gentlemen

REMEMBER In INFORMAL letters, use a COMMA. e.g.
Dear Mary,
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COLON

• To separate HOURS from MINUTES.
• e.g. 1005
• 1200

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SEMICOLON

• To separate two independent clauses that are not
  connected by a conjunction.
• e.g. I like you John likes you, too.
• If he goes to the party I wont take
  Susan.

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SEMICOLON

• To join independent clauses that are connected by
  such adverb conjunctions
• therefore, however nevertheless, hence, thus,
  moreover, consequently, besides, furthermore and
  otherwise.

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SEMICOLON

• e.g. He has to study otherwise, he will flunk.

• It is also possible to substitute the SEMICOLON.
  
• He has to study. Otherwise, he will flunk.
• 2. A COMMA generally follows the adverb
  conjunctions.

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SEMICOLON

• When the items in a series themselves contain
  commas, separate the items with semicolons.
• e.g. We visited Erie, Pennsylvania Buffalo, New
  York and Toronto, Ontario.

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SEMICOLON

• To join an initial clause that is introduced by
  the following expressions or words

e.g. for example that is i.e. that is in
fact for instance namely
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SEMICOLON

• e.g. Three students were mentioned namely
  John, Sarah and Sylvia.
• The film is only open to adults i.e.
  people over 18.

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HIPHEN

• Hyphens are used internally in some compound
  words to separate the words forming the compound
  word.
• e.g. merry-go-round    editor-in-chief
• When unsure of the hyphenation of such words,
  check a dictionary. Usage may vary. As some words
  are more widely used, the hyphen in dropped. For
  example, in the early 1800's the word blackbird
  was usually spelled black-bird. Now the hyphen
  has been dropped.

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HYPHEN

• Hyphens connect the words of a compound modifier
  that comes before the word being modified.
  Hyphens are not used this way with compound parts
  ending in -ly or made up of PROPER NOUNS or
  PROPER ADJECTIVES.

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HYPHEN - FYI

• A PROPER NOUN is a noun which names a specific
  person, place, or thing. (PERSONS NAME, PETS
  NAME, MONUMENTS, PLACES, HISTORICAL EVENTS, DAYS
  OF THE WEEK, MONTHS, etc)

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HYPHEN - FYI

• A PROPER NOUN used as an adjective or an
  adjective formed from a PROPER NOUN is called a
  proper adjective.
• Proper adjectives are normally capitalized. This
  includes brand names.
• e.g. Syrian food    a Kodak camera

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HYPHEN

• e.g. He is a well-respected man. (A compound
  modifier before the noun.)
• That man is well respected. (The
  modifier follows the noun, no hyphen.)

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HYPHEN

• e.g. That was a badly punctuated sentence.
  (Modifier ends in -ly, no hyphen.)
• The South American rain forest is home to
  hundreds of species of hummingbirds. (Modifier
  is proper, no hyphen.)

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HYPHEN

• To spell a word
• e.g. S-T-U-D-E-N-T
• To divide a word into syllables
• e.g. inter-na-tion-al
• Numbers from 21 to 99
• e.g. twenty-one ninety-nine

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Lets check! Use COLON, SEMICOLON, HYPHEN or X
(no punctuation needed.)
-
-

• 1) I am very upset. My mother ( ) in ( )
• is coming to visit us.
• 2) There is only one person for this kind of job
  ( ) Mr. Nakajima.
• 3) There are seventy ( ) five people over there.
• 4) If I were you, I would only do one thing right
  now ( ) study hard.

-

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Lets continue!
X

• 5) Three students were ( ) mentioned ( )
  namely John, Mary and Sue.
• 6) The following people are waiting outside ( )
  Mr. Sardella, president ( ) Mrs. Smith, vice (
  ) president ( ) and ( ) Mr. Baldwin,
  treasurer.
• 7) I have to bring lots of things tomorrow ( ) 5
  books, 10 pencils and 25 notebooks.

-
X
X

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Keep up the good work!
X

• 8) I think ( ) you should give more attention to
  some special people ( ) your wife and kids.
• 9) Your mother wants you to do the following ( )
  wash the dishes, prepare dinner, help Michael do
  his homework and water the plants.
• 10) FORMAL LETTER. Dear sirs ( )

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Nice job!!!

• Dont forget! Lesson 152 is due next week!