Part A Text (Teach Your Child to Wonder)

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Unit 5

• Part A Text (Teach Your Child to Wonder)
• Part B Grammar(??)
• Part C Supplementary Reading (Benchmarking
  Practices at Xerox)

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I. Background Information

• B.F. Skinner's quote "Education is what survives
  when what has been learned has been forgotten."
• B .F. Skinner???(1904-1990)
• ??????????,??????????,?????????????????????????
  ?????? ?????1950???????????,1958??????????????????
  ,1968???????????????????????

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• ?????????
• BF???(Burrhus Frederic Skinner,19041990)1904
  ?3?20????????????????????????????????,????1922????
  ???????,????????????,??????,?????????????????,????
  ?,???????????,??????????????,?????????????,???????
  ?????????,?????????????1930?????????,1931?????????
  ???????????1936??1944???????????????,1945?????????
  ????????,1948?????????????,??1974????????,??1958??
  ??????????????1968???????????????????1971?????
  ??????????????

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• ?????????????1938????????????????(The Behavior
  of OrganismsAn Experimental Analysis)??????,????
  ????????????,???????????,?????????????????????????
  ?????????(Science and Human Behavior)(1953)?????
  ???????????,????????????1968?????????(The
  Technology of Teaching)??????????????????????,??1
  948??????????(Walden Two)?1971???????????(Beyon
  d Freedom and Dignity)???????????????????????,???
  ?????????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ?,??????????????(Verbal Behavior)(1957)???????
  ???????(Contingencies of ReinforcementA
  Theoretical Analysis)(1969)???????(About
  Behaviorism)(1974)?

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II. Language Points

• 1. Sadly, far too few schools make seience
  appealing.
• appeal (i) n. A. an earnest or urgent request,
  entreaty, or supplication. ??,??
• e.g. He was appealing for funds to build a
  new school.
• ??????????????
• B. A resort or application to a higher authority,
  as for sanction, corroboration, or a
  decision??,???
• e.g. Their appeal for help went unheeded.
• ?????????????
• C. law The transfer of a case from a lower to a
  higher court for a new hearing. ??
• e.g. His lawyer decided to take an appeal
  to a higher court.
• ???????????????

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• D. The power of attracting or of
  arousing interest???,???
• e.g. The new fashion soon lost its appeal.
• ???????????????
• (ii) v. A. ask for aid or protection ??
• e.g. I appeal to your sense of justice.
• ??????????
• B. take a court case to a higher court
  for review,??
• e.g. She appealed to the high court against
  her sentence.
• ??????????????
• Useful expression
• appeal to ? ... ?????,
• appeal for  ??

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• 2. The irony is that children start out as
  nautral scientists, instinctively eager to
  investigate the world around them.
• children start out as nautral scientists
  children are born natural scientists.
• Irony sarcasm, satire, caustic remark n.??,??
• e.g. That's really lovely, that is!' he
  said with heavy irony.
• ???????,??!'???????
• instinctively as a matter of instinct adv. ?????
• e.g. Instinctively, she dropped to her
  belly to crawl.
• ?????????????
• be eager to do or have something want to do or
  have it very much. . keen
• Robert was eager to talk about life in the
  Army...

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• 3. The children asked me textbook questions
  about schooling,aslary, whether I liked my job.
• textbook questions refers to questions that are
  nomal and not particular or special.
• 4. This began a barrage of questions that
  lasted nealy two hours.
• a barrage of questions a large number of
  questions
• barrage the rapid and continuous delivery of
  linguistic communication (spoken or written)
• e.g.  A barrage of criticism.
• ??????????

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• 5. That reinforces the misconceotion that ceience
  is merely a set of facts stored in the besds of
  adults.
• misconception an incorrect conception
  n.  ??, ????
• e.g. My misconception of her purpose
  cast a damp over her spirits.
• ???????,???????
• My misconception of her purpose cast a
  damp over her spirits.
• ???????,???????

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• 6. Science is not just facts but the meaning that
  people give to them by weaving information.
• Science is not just facts but the meaning that
  people give to them notice the structure not
  but ????
• 7. Grown-ups are notorious for expecting quicker
  answers.
• notorious known widely and usually unfavorably
  ill-famed infamousadj.  ?????
• e.g. He is notorious for his goings-on.
• ?????????????
• Useful expression
• notorious reputation ????
• notorious for ?, ? ... ??

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• 8. Rather than telling children what to think,
  give them time to think for themselves.
• Rather than for themselves. rather than
  here means instead of..
• 9. Once you have achild engaged in a science
  discussion, dont jump in with That right or
  Very good.
• jump in it here means interrupt??, 
  (??????)??
• e.g.Please don't chop in as much as
  you're doing.
• ??????????????
• Useful expression
• jump in the lake ??, ??, ???
• ...jump in with both... ???????

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• 10. These verbal rewards work well when it comes
  to encouraging good behaviour.
• These verbal good behaviour. in terms of
  encouraging good behaviour
• 11. Never exhort a child to Think!
• exhort spur on or encourage especially by
  cheers and shouts cheer inspire, urge, barrack
  v.  ??,  ??
• e.g. The chairman exhorted the party
  workers to take action.
• ???????????????
• He often exhorts Mary to work
  harder.
• ???????????????

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• 12. If you take your children to a hands-on
  science museum, dont manage their itinerary.
• hands-on science museum refers to museum that
  you can try and experience the science exhibits
  yourself.
• itinerary (i) n. ?an established line of travel
  or access, path, route ?a guidebook for
  travelers travel guidebook ?a proposed route of
  travel travel plan ????, ??, ??
• e.g. I need to discuss our itinerary
  with you.
• ??????????????
• (ii) adj.  ??? e.g. But
  reality is, that change is only endless and
  hardship is itinerary germinant.
• ????,???????????????????

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• 13. And they will see clearly that learning is
  not drudgery or something that happens only in
  school.
• drudgery hard monotonous routine work
  plodding, grind, donkeywork n.   ???, ??
  e.g. This sentiment still survives, and it has
  piled up mountains of useless drudgery.
• ??????????,??????????????
• This flexibility has the added
  benefit of breaking up any sense of endless
  routine or day in day out drudgery.
• ???????????????????????????????????

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Part B Grammar??(Participles)

• ?????????????????????-ing?-ed, -d,
  -t,-en?-n???????????,???????,????????????,???,????
  ?????????????????
• ???????????????,????????????????????????????????"
  ?????",??????"?????"(???????????????,?????)???????
  ??????????????

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?. ?????

• 1? ?????
• ?????????,???????????????????????
• ??(??)????,???????????????.????????????????????,
  ??????????,???????????????, ?????????????????????
  ???
• (1)????The students went out of the classroom,
  laughing and talking.
• (2)????Accompanied by his friend, he went to
  the railway station. Given better attention, the
  plants could grow better.
• 2?"while ( when, once, until, if ,
  though???)??"??
• ?????????????,?????????while,when, once,
  although, until, if????
• When leaving the airport, she waved again and
  again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a
  long talk with my sister about her work
• Once recovered, he threw himself into his work
  and made every effort to do it well.
• Although working very hard, he failed to pass
  the final exam. If translated word by word, the
  passage will be difficult to understand.

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• 3??????
• ??????,?????????????????,???????????????????????
  ???????????(?????????),??????????????(?????????)?
  
• We will go on with our experiment as soon as we
  get the added fund.
• 4?????????
• ?????see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel,
  find, glimpse, glance??????look at, listen
  to???????have, keep, get, catch, leave, set,
  start, send???????????????????,?????????
• 5????????
• ????????????????????????,?????????????????
  ????,??????

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• ?.???????
• 1) ???
• He was very amusing.
• That book was rather boring.
• ???????????????
• exciting, interesting, encouraging,
  disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
• 2) ???
• ?????????????????, ??????
• That must have been a terrifying experience.
• I found him a charming person.
• ????????????????????, ?????????
• There are a few boys swimming in the river.
• There is a car waiting outside.

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• 3) ???
• ??????????????????????????
• Following Tom, we started to climb the
  mountain.
• ?????????????, ???????????
• Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in
  touch with her.
• ?????????????, ???????????
• Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
• Returning home, he began to do his homework.
• 4)???
• ???????????????????
• ??, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have ?.
• I see him passing my house every day.
• I caught him stealing things in that shop.

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• ?.???????
• 1) ???
• We were so bored that we couldnt help yawning.
  
• She felt confused, and even frightened.
• 2) ???
• She has a pleased look on her face.
• The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
• 3)???
• Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
  
• Given good health, I hope to finish the work
  this year.
• 4)???
• ???????????????, ????????
• I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
• When they get back home, they found the room
  robbed.

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Part C Benchmarking ????

• What is Benchmarking
• Benchmarking is the process of determining who is
  the very best, who sets the standard, and what
  that standard is. In baseball, you could argue
  that seven consecutive World Series Championships
  made the New York Yankees the benchmark.
• If we were to benchmark "world conquest", what
  objective measure would we use to compare Julius
  Caesar to Adolph Hitler Gengis Khan to Napoleon?
  Which of them was the epitome, and why?
• We do the same thing in business. Who is the best
  sales organization? The most responsive customer
  service department? The leanest manufacturing
  operation? And how do we quantify that standard?

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• Related Issues
• Once we decide what to benchmark, and how to
  measure it, the object is to or Quality
  Improvement initiative.
• What can I Benchmark figure out how the winner
  got to be the best and determine what we have to
  do to get there.
• Benchmarking is usually part of a larger effort,
  usually a Process Re-engineering
• Most of the early work in the area of
  benchmarking was done in manufacturing, like the
  example above. Now benchmarking is a management
  tool that is being applied almost anywhere. The
  Fortune Magazine article "Beat the Budget and
  Astound your CFO" outlines how Rank Xerox even
  applied benchmarking to their sales effort.
  (Note This article is now in their archives and
  there is a small fee if you are not a subscriber.)

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• ??/???(Benchmarking),????????????,????????????????
  ???,??/???????????????????,??,????????????????????
  ????,???????(Best Practice)???????(Exemplary Pract
  ices),???????(Business Excellence)?????,??????????
  ???????,???????????,???????????,??????????????????
  ??,?????????????,???????????????,??????,??????????
  ?,????,?????
• ??/?????????????Standards Benchmarking)?????/???(P
  rocess Benchmarking)???????(Results
  Benchmarking),??????,??/???????????????????????,??
  ????????????,?????????????????

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• practice(??????)??
• It is normal practice not to reveal details of a
  patient's condition...
• deserve?????
• Government officials clearly deserve some of the
  blame as well...
• These people deserve to make more than the
  minimum wage...
• He deserves the honor. You deserve it!
• Credit
• 1.Belief or confidence in the truth of something.
  ??,??
• 2. A reputation for sound character or quality??
• You should have no trouble getting the loan if
  your credit is good.???????,???????????????
• 3.A source of honor or distinction??
• She is a credit to her family.???????
• 4. Approval for an act, ability, or quality
  praise ??,??
• Why should he get all the credit???????????????
• 5. A unit of study so certified??
• This course carries three credits.?????????

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• inspire sb to do????
• Our challenge them to join our cause is to
  motivate those voters and inspire...
• Inspiration
• 1.Stimulation of the mind or emotions to a high
  level of feeling or activity. ??
• 2. Something, such as a sudden creative act or
  idea, that is inspired.??

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• Legendary???, ???
• ...the legendary Jazz singer Adelaide Hall...His
  political skill is legendary.
• turn-around a complete change in opinion,
  attitude, or method. a sudden improvement????,????
  I have personally never done such a complete
  turnaround in my opinion of a person...The deal
  marks a turnaround in the fortunes of South Wales
  Electricity.
• solid support
• We need to lay a solid foundation to make further
  progress in the language.
• integral???integrated
• cascadepermeate??
• numerous??????C pl.
• Sex crimes were just as numerous as they are
  today...
• Despite numerous attempts to diet, her weight
  soared.

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• cottage industry????
• spring up surge unexpectedly/suddenly????
• last year alone????
• hit the stand
• consultant consult sb for sth look up
• Please consult the dictionary for the meaning of
  the word.
• the number of has grown
• considerable- y dramatically, drastically
  considerate???
• formal?? normal

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• continued, continuous continual
• continuous unbroken
• Residents report that they heard continuous
  gunfire.
• ..all employees who had a record of five years'
  continuous employment with the firm...
• Continual events happen again and again.
• ..the government's continual demands for cash to
  finance its chronic deficit...
• She suffered continual police harassment.

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• measure ?????
• I continued to measure his progress against the
  charts in the doctor's office...
• It was difficult to measure the precise impact of
  the labor action.
• against ?? It is against the law to detain you
  against your will for any length of time...
• I am against your proposal.
• ????? The US dollar is down against most foreign
  currencies today.
• His figure stands distinct against the snow.
• be renowned as/for??? The area is renowned for
  its Romanesque churches...

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• decline
• 1.????
• He declined their invitation...
• He offered the boys some coffee.
• 2. ??,??,??
• There wasn't such a big decline in enrollments
  after all...
• The first signs of economic decline became
  visible.
• on the decline/fall,??,??
• Thankfully the smoking of cigarettes is on the
  decline...
• boost increase, improve boost prices ????
• efforts to boost participation in the
  program.??????????
• a bill intended to boost local charities.?????????
  ????????
• gene genetic engineering generic ???
• to sbs advantage ???
• He did all to his own advantage, not yours.
• For sbs sake, interests, benefit, purpose,
  consideration, good

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• regard n ????
• show regard for sb v regarding??,concerning
  regardless
• in essence???
• Though seemingly complicated in detail, local
  taxes are in essence simple.
• subsequently???
• consequently??, ??as a result, as a consequence.
• in sequence  in order

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• identify????????
• Police have already identified around 10 murder
  suspects...
• The reporters identified one of the six Americans
  as an Army Specialist...
• oversee supervise, monitor
• Use a surveyor or architect to oversee and
  inspect the different stages of the work.
• entail ????? ??
• This new job entails much patience. Such a
  decision would entail a huge political risk...

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• prior to before
• Prior to his Japan trip, he went to New York...
• in line with???
• in total In summary To summarize To sum up
• pay, pay off????
• It pays off to be careful when dealing with
  dangerous materials such as this.
• embark on start out on
• I should think twice before I ed on such a
  hazardous project as that.
• He is about to on a new business venture.

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• Thank you!