Energy Today

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Energy Today
Analysis of Biomass and Biofuels as source of
energy
Guests on todays show K. Vaideesh
Subbaraj Shivendra Upadhyay M. Vishwanath
With your favorite host Vignesh Sridharan
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Technology and Environmental Impact of
Biomass Biofuels
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Technology

• Biomass technology today serves many markets
  that were developed with fossil fuels and
  modestly reduces their use
• Uses - Industrial process heat and steam,
  Electrical power generation, Transportation fuels
  (ethanol and biodiesel) and other products.
• Primary focus of the Biomass Program
  development of advanced technologies.

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Current Focus

• Platform technologies
• Sugar Platform Technology
• Thermochemical Platform Technology

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Bio-refinery

• A facility that integrates biomass conversion
  processes and equipment to produce fuels, power,
  and chemicals from biomass.
• Analogous to today's petroleum refineries
• It is based on the Sugar Platform and the
  Thermochemical Platform

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Liquid Fuel Technology
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Bio-diesel

• Made by transforming animal fat or vegetable oil
  with alcohol .
• Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or
  soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.
• Directly substituted for diesel either as neat
  fuel or as an oxygenate additive

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Modified Waste Vegetable Fat

• Designed for general use in most compression
  ignition engines .
•  The production of MWVF can be achieved in a
  continuous flow additive process.  
• It can be modified in various ways to make a
  'greener' form of fuel

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E-Diesel

• Uses additives in order to allow blending of
  ethanol with diesel.
• Ethanol blends of 7.7 to 15 and up to 5
• Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel
  from separating at very low temperatures or if
  water contamination occurs.

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Jatropha

• Biodiesel from Jatropha
• Seeds of the Jatropha nut is
• crushed and oil is extracted
• The oil is processed and
• refined to form bio-diesel.

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Gaseous fuel Technology
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Gasification Technology

• Gobar gas Production
• Biogas
• Synthesis gas

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Gasification

• A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to
  convert materials directly into a gas composed
  primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
• Gasification technologies rely four key
  engineering factors
• 1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of
  oxygen or air content).
• 2. Reactor design.
• 3. Internal and external heating.
• 4. Operating temperature.

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Gasification

• Typical raw materials - coal, petroleum-based
  materials, and organic materials.
• The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry
  or slurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber
  called a gasifier.
• The feedstock is subjected to high heat,
  pressure, and either an oxygen-rich or
  oxygen-starved environment within the gasifier.

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Raw Materials for Gasification
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Gasification

• Products of gasification
• Hydrocarbon gases (also called syngas).
• Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).
• Char (carbon black and ash).
• Syngas is primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen
  (more than 85 percent by volume) and smaller
  quantities of carbon dioxide and methane

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Gasifier Plant
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Gasifier Plant
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Types of Gasifiers

• Updraft Gasifier

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Types of Gasifiers

• Downdraft Gasifier

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Types of Gasifiers

• Twin-fire Gasifier

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Types of Gasifiers

• Crossdraft gas producers

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Gobar gas

• Gobar gas production is an anaerobic process
• Fermentation is carried out in an air tight,
  closed cylindrical concrete tank called a
  digester

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Solid Fuel

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Wood

• Domestic heating with wood is still by far the
  largest market for bio-energy
• Dramatic improvements of technology in domestic
  heating equipment
• Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood boilers,
  woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and pellet
  stoves.
• Pourable wood-based fuel is also available

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Tiled stoves
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Pellet Boilers and Stoves
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Logwood boiler
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Woodchip boilers
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Environmental Concerns

• Air Pollution
• Soil Deterioration

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Air Concerns

• Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use
  have the potential to increase emissions of ozone
  precursors
• Increase in Nox emissions
• Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful
• Combustion of ethanol would result in increased
  atmospheric concentrations of carcinogens
• Emission of relatively large sized particulate
  matter

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Soil Concerns

• Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of
  nutrients
• Production of dedicated energy crops renders
  land fallow
• Reduced land availability for cattle grazing
• Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to
  produce energy crops contaminate ground and
  surface water
• Affects fish and wildlife

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Environmental Benefits

• Reduction of waste
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases
  compared to fossil fuels
• Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of
  the carbon cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity

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Socio-Economic Benefits

• Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian
  communities
• Increase in jobs
• Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective)
  due to lesser dependence on foreign resources

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BIO FUELS

• THE WORLD SCENARIO

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BRAZIL

• World leader in production and export of ethanol.
• Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000
  barrels of gasoline.
• 24 blend ethanol mandatory.
• Competitiveness
• Bio diesel initiatives underway

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U.S.A.

• Ethanol a big boost to economy
• E85 sells cheaper than gasoline
• Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion
  gallons/yr
• MTBE phased out in many states
• Soya bean main source of biodiesel

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E.U.

• Rapeseed main source of bio diesel
• 3-15 blended petrol
• France Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax
• Germany Sales of bio diesel 99 million US
  gallons
• Rise of SVO as domestic fuel

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The Significant Others

• China 3rd largest producer of ethanol producing
  220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting 90,000 tons in
  2000.
• In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used as a
  significant fuel source
• Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-scale
  production from palm oil.

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India

• Sources of ethanol
• Sugarcane
• Molasses
• Agricultural waste
• Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected
• Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion litres

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India (Contd.)

• Sources of biodiesel
• Honge
• Jatropha
• High capital, broad scale production plan
  initiated
• Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27

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Bio Mass

• Biomass already supplies 14 of the worlds
  primary energy consumption. On average, biomass
  produces 38 of the primary energy in developing
  countries.
• USA 4 of total energy from bio mass, around
  9000 MW
• INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it
  costs about 25,000 crores annually for the
  government to import oil.

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• Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste,
  forest residue and municipal waste.
• Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give
  bio gas
• Digester consumes roughly one third the power
  its capable of producing.
• Fertilizers as by product.
• Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow
  per day!!

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Thank You