Teaching Aids

1

• Teaching Aids

2
Instructional Materials

• Are the instructional method and instructional
  material the same?

3

• instructional methods and instructional materials
  are not one and not the same.
• Instructional methods are the way by which
  information is taught.
• Instructional materials, include print and
  non-print media and the accompanying hardware
  which used to supplement and enhance teaching and
  learning activities by highlighting important
  points or key steps or tasks, so help to
  communicate information clearly and maintain
  students' interest.

4

• No one tool is better than another
• The teacher must be familiar with the media
• Media must be consistent with
• cognitive, affective, and/or psychomotor skills.
• Instructional methods.
• Predetermined behavioral objectives

5

• Instructional aides should be appropriate for
• The physical conditions of the learning
  environment,
• The available financial resources
• The learner sensory abilities
• The message imparted by instructional materials
  must be accurate, valid, appropriate, unbiased,
  and free of any unintended messages.

6

• Delivery System
• Content
• Presentation

7

• Delivery System
• The delivery system includes both the software
  and the hardware used in presentation of
  information.
• Eg. the educator giving a lecture might choose to
  embellish the information being presented using a
  delivery system, such as PowerPoint slides
  (software), and a computer (hardware).
• The choice of the delivery system is influenced
  by the size of the audience,
• The pacing or flexibility needed for delivery,
  and
• The sensory aspects most suitable to the
  audience.

8

• Content
• Past to Present
• Simple to Complex
• Known to Unknown
• Most Frequently Used to Least Frequently Used

9

• Presentation
• Educator role in presentation
•  
• Practice using your visual aids in advance
• Set up or prepare visual aids before students
  arrive
• Check that equipments is working before students
  arrive
• Capture the interest of students
• Make students aware of the objectives and
  presentation
•  

10
Three Major Components of Instructional Materials

• Cont. Presentation
• Create positive learning climate
• Demonstrate effective presentation skills
• Make sure that students can see the writing
  board, flipchart sand screen
• Charts , diagrams and tables should be large and
  simple
• Prepare hardcopies of handouts
• Have question or exercise after using visual
  aids.

11

• I-Written or printed materials . Which Domain
• II- Demonstration Materials Which Domain?
• III-Audiovisual Materials Which Domain?

12
Types of instructional Materials

• I. Written or printed materials
• Handouts
• books
• pamphlets
• brochures
• instruction sheets

13

• Nature of the audience
• Literacy Level Required Figure 5.1
• Brevity and Clarity (KISS rule keep it simple
  and smart). Figure 5.2
• Layout and Appearance Figure 5.3
• Opportunity for Repetition
• Concreteness and Familiarity Figure 5.4

14
Advantages Disadvantages
Always available less opportunity to clear up misinterpretation
Rate of reading is controllable by the reader Highly complex materials may be overwhelming to the learner
Complex concepts can be explained both fully and adequately Literacy skill of learner may limit effectiveness
Verbal instruction can be reinforced Impersonal Limited feedback
Learner is always able to refer back to instructions given in print Absence of instructor lessens
15
II- Demonstration Materials

1. Models
2. writing board
3. Posters

16
II- Demonstration Materials
Models

• Models are usually three-dimensional
  instructional tools that allow the learner to
  immediately apply knowledge and psychomotor
  skills by observing, examining, manipulating,
  handling, assembling, and disassembling objects
  while the teacher provides feedback . In
  addition, these demonstration aids encourage
  learners to think abstractly and give them the
  opportunity to use many of their senses.

17
Demonstration Materials

• 2. Writing board
• Important guidelines for instructors using
  chalkboards and white marker boards
• Use chalk or pens that contrast with the
  background of the board sothat students can see
  the information clearly.
• Make text and drawings large enough to be seen in
  the back of the room.
• Underline headings and important words
  for emphasis.
• Do not talk while facing the board
• Do not block the students' view of the board
  stand aside when youhave finished writing or
  drawing.
• Allow sufficient time for students to copy the
  information from theboard.
• Summarize the main points at the end of the
  presentation..

18
Demonstration Materials

• 3- Posters
• Use complementary (opposite-spectrum) color
  combinations
• One color should make up as much as 70 of the
  display.
• Balance script with white space (or another
  background color) and graphics to add variety and
  contrast.
• Convey the message in common, straightforward
  language
• Adhere to the KISS principle (keep it simple and
  smart).
• Keep objectives in mind

19
Demonstration Materials

• Cont. Posters
• Be sure content is current and free of spelling,
  grammar, and mathematical errors..
• Avoid using all-capital letters except for very
  short titles and labels.
• Use a title or introductory statement that
  orients readers to the subject.
• Logically sequence the written and graphic
  components
• Use arrows, circles, or directional lines
• The ability of a poster to influence behavior or
  expand awareness can be greatly enhanced by
  careful consideration of its content, intended
  audience, and design elements

20
(No Transcript)
21
Advantages and disadvantages of demonstration
materials.
Advantages Disadvantages
Brings the learner closer to reality through active engagement Content may be static, easily dated
Useful for cognitive reinforcement and psychomotor skill development Can be time consuming to make
Effective use of imagery may impact affective domain Potential for overuse
Many forms are relatively inexpensive Not suitable use with large audiences
Opportunity for repetition Not suitable for visually impaired learners
22
III-Audiovisual Materials

• 1- Projected learning resource
• 2- Audio learning resource
• 3- Video learning resource
• 4- Telecommunications learning resource
• 5- Computer learning resource

23
Projected learning recourses

• I- PowerPoint
• Illustrate one idea per slide.
• Keep images simple by using symbols, or diagrams.
• Put long lists of words or complex figures on
  handouts that supplement the slides.
• Avoid distorted images by keeping the proportion
  of height to width at 23.
• Use large, easily readable, and
  professional-looking lettering.

24
Projected learning recourses

• 2- Overhead Transparencies
• Provide an outline for the teacher to follow in
  discussing the main points of a presentation.
• Transparencies are very useful for presenting a
  large amount of information
• Show images, illustrations, charts, or diagrams
  to support a topic.
• Provide visual support to students as they make
  their own presentations and oral reports.

25
Audio learning resource

• Audiotapes Compact Discs, Cassette tapes and CDs
  
• are very popular formats today
• It can be prepared specifically to meet the needs
  of a learner by reinforcing facts, giving
  directions or providing support.
• Radio
• The radio has tremendously affected all of our
  lives for many years and is one of the oldest
  forms of audio technology.

26
Another , Audiovisual Materials

• Videotapes and DVD
• Videotapes and DVDs are one of the major
  non-print media tools for enhancing patient,
  family, staff, and student education because
  tapes can be simultaneously entertaining and
  educational

27
Telecommunications learning resource

• Telecommunications is a means by which
  information can be transmitted via television,
  telephone, and satellite broadcasting. ??
  ????? Telecommunications devices have allowed
  messages to be sent to many people at the same
  time in a variety of places at great distances..

28
Computer learning resource

• It is an efficient instructional tools in that
  educators has more time to teach other tasks not
  usually taught via computer such as psychomotor
  and affective skills.

29
Advantages and disadvantages of audiovisual
materials
Advantages Disadvantages
May be especially beneficial for visually impaired, low-literacy patients Some forms may be expensive
Most forms very practical, cheap, small, and portable Needs sufficient delivery system
Flexible for use with different audiences Some purchased materials may be too long
Powerful tool for role modeling, demonstration. Some purchased may be inappropriate for audience
Time efficient Some purchased materials may be so complex
30
How to select materials

• Ask your- self which material will best support
  your particular audience.
• Remember that active learn involvement is best
  for retention of information.
• Above all else, remember that instructional
  materials should be used to support learning only
  by complementing and supplementing your teaching,
  not by substituting for it.

31

• Information retention based on level of active
  learner involvement.

32
Learning Recall Related to Type of Teaching
Activity
Type of teaching activities After 3 Hour After 3 Days
Verbal (one-way) lecture 10 10
Written (reading) 25 10
Visual and verbal (illustrated lecture) 72 20
Participatory (role play, case study, practice, etc.) 90 70
33
Any Questions ???