Technological and Environmental Transformations

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Period 1

• Technological and Environmental Transformations
• to 600 BCE

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Key Concept 1.1

• Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth

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Origins of Early Humans

• Early human development occurred during the
  Paleolithic Period
• Origins in Africa
• Hominids
• Anatomically modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens)
  develop about 150,000 years ago
• Begin migrations

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Lucy http//www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v
2/n2/they-love-lucy
http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2c
Humanevop2.sht ml
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Settlement of Australia Approximately 60,000
BCE Settlement of Eurasia Approximately 50,000
BCE Settlement of Americas Approximately 14,000
BCE
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Life in the Paleolithic Period

• Hunting-foraging
• Nomadic
• Small groups based on bonds of kinship
• Relatively Egalitarian
• Adaptation to local environment
• Development of stone tools
• Use of fire for cooking, warmth, and deterring
  predators

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Life in the Paleolithic Period

• No written language
• Evidence of culture seen in cave paintings,
  artifacts, and human remains
• Evidence of primitive, simple religion
• Lack of developed material culture
• Although groups were adapted to their specific
  environment, hunter-foragers did interact with
  each other and engage in exchange of ideas and
  goods

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Key Concept 1.2

• The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural
  Societies

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The Neolithic Revolution

• Neolithic New Stone Age
• Began approx. 10,000 years ago
• Use of stone tools for agricultural production
• Most likely the result of climate change
• Domestication of plant and animal species
• See map on page 9 in textbook
• First began in the Eastern Mediterranean

10
http//huberb.people.cofc.edu/ANTH2010120Huber's
20Introduction20to20Anthropology.html
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Neolithic Revolution

• Gradual process and dependent upon the geography
• Not all societies develop agriculture
• See map on page 9 of textbook.
• Agricultural centers emerged in
• Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, Sub-Saharan
  Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River,
  Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes

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Pastoralism

• Emerged in grasslands (steppes)
• Central Eurasia and parts of Africa
• Animal husbandry
• Mobile lifestyle
• Wealth measured in livestock

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Life in Agriculture Communities

• Greater degree of complexity and cooperation
• More reliable food sources
• Population densities increase
• Permanent settlements
• Religion becomes more complex
• Some matrilineal, others patrilineal
• Trade developed between and among early
  agricultural settlements

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http//www.americanneopaganism.com/ancientpagantim
eline.htm
http//howardbloom.net/reinventing_capitalism/
http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Catal_Hu
yuk
http//www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/ImageCa
talHoyukSouthArea.JPG
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Impact on the environment

• Dramatic impact on the environment
• Erosion
• Clearing of forests for farmland
• Desertification
• Overgrazing of pastureland

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Impact of Neolithic Revolution

• Increase in human population
• Increase in disease
• Craft specialization
• Social Stratification
• Patriarchy

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Development of new Technologies

• Technological innovations were developed to
  improve agricultural production, trade, and
  transportation
• Key examples
• Pottery
• Plows
• Woven textiles
• Metallurgy
• Wheels and wheeled vehicles

http//www.historiasiglo20.org/prehistory/pottery.
htm
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Key Concept 1.3

• The Development and Interactions of Early
  Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

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Rise of Civilization

• Core and foundational civilizations emerged in
  the following
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
• Shang China
• Olmec
• Chavin
• Map quiz Students will take a quiz to identify
  the core and foundational civilizations.

20
http//www.unionparishschools.org/rivervalleyciv/i
nterest.htm
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Mesopotamia
http//www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images
2/mapane.jpg
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(No Transcript)
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Egypt
http//www.iziko.org.za/sh/resources/egypt/images/
map_e1_l.gif
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(No Transcript)
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Indus River Valley Civilization
http//www.rivervalleycivilizations.com/indus.php
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(No Transcript)
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The Yellow River Valley CivilizationShang Dynasty
http//www.chinahighlights.com/image/map/ancient/s
hang-dynasty-map1.gif
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(No Transcript)
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http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileChavin-small.png

http//theresaclarkintdis4.blogspot.com/2009/09/we
ek-6.html
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(No Transcript)
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State Building

• State a sovereign political entity which
  contains a stable population, defined territory,
  and established government
• Control over larger territory, population, and
  resources
• Divine Right
• Military

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Competition and Technology

• Competition for land and resources
• Geography
• Bronze
• Iron
• Horses
• Chariots
• Composite bows

http//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hyksos.aspx
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Architecture and Urban Planning
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Arts and Artisanship
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Systems of Record Keeping
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Law Codes
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Religion

• Polytheism Belief in many gods
• Most common
• Vedic Religion becomes basis of Hinduism
• Monotheism Belief in one god
• Hebrews
• Zoroastrianism (Persian Empire)

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Trade

• Local, regional, and transregional trade
• Exchange of goods, cultural ideas, and technology
• Examples
• Egypt and Nubia
• Mesopotamia and Indus River Valley