Prof. Dr. Zkaria M. El-Sirafy

1
????? ??????
Prof. Dr. Zkaria M. El-Sirafy Dr. Ayman M. EL
Ghamrey Mansoura University
2
??????? ??????

• ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????
• Fertilizer under different environmental
  conditions

3

• ???? ??????? ???????.
• ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????
  ??????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
• ????- ??????? ???????
• Organic Farming
• ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? Organic farming
  ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? .

4

• ????? ??????? ???????-
• ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????
  ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????
  ??????? ????.
• ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????-
• ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
  ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???? ???
  ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????.
• ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? -
• ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????
  ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???
  ?????? ????? .

5

• ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????-
• ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????
  ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????
  ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???
  ?????.
• ???????? ??????? ????????-
• ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????
  ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????
  ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? .
• ????? ???????? ???????-
• ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????
  ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????
  ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???
  ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??
  ??????? ??????? ????????? .

6
???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????

• ?????? ??????
• ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????
  ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? (??? ?????? ????????)?
  ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? .
• 2. ?????? ???????-
• ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????
  ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????
  ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
  ??????? ?? ??????? .

7

• 3. ?????? ???????-
• ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????
  ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??
  ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????
  ??? ?????.
• 4. ???????? ??? ?????? -
• . ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
  ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????
  ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? .

8
????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????

• ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????
  ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????
  (???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????) ???? ???? ??
  ???????-
• ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????.
• ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? .
• ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??
  ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????
  ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????
  ????? ????? ??????? ??????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????
  ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? .

9

• ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????
  ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????
  ???-
• ????? ?????? ?????? (????? ????????? ?? ????????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ??????) .
• ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????.
• ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? (?????
  ????????? ?????? ?? ????????).
• ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
  ??????? ????? ??? ???? .

10

• ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
  ????? ?? ??? 1993 ??? ??? 1999.

11
??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????

1. ????????? ?? ????? ?????? .
2. ?????? .
3. ?????? .
4. ?????? .
5. ?????? ????????? .
6. ???????? ??????? ?????? .
7. ??????? ??????????? .

12
????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????

• ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??
  ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????
  ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????
  ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????????
  ???????? ???.

13
????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????
???????

1. ??????? ????????? .
2. ??????? ??????? .
3. ??????? ???????? .
4. ??????? ??????? .
5. ??????? ????????? .

14
?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????Microbial
biomass and soil fertility

• ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? Soil
  Microbial Biomass ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ???? ????? 2 ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
  ???????.

15

• ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????
  ????????? ????? ??????? ???????.

16
????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????

• ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????
  ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???
  ???? ?? 5310 ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????
  ?????/?????????? ???? ?? ????????????
  ?????/?????? ????.

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????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????The
significance of soil microbial biomass

• ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??
  ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????
  ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????
  ???????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???????? ???? ????
  ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????.
• ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??
  ?????-
• ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? .
• ??????? ?????? ??????? .
• ???? ?????? .
• ???????? ?????????? .

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• ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????
  ???????? ???????

19
??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
???????Factors affecting soil microbial biomass

• 1- ????? ?????? ??????? Soil Factors
• ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????
  ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????
  ???-
• ?????? ???????? ?????? -
• ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????
  ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
  ??? ???? ?????-
• ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? Soil microbial
  biomass C .
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????.

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• ?????? ?????????? ??????-
• ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? pH
  ??????.
• ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????
  ??????.
• ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????
  ?????? ??????? Organic matter.
• 2- ????? ????? Environmental factors
• ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
  ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????
  ???????.
• ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????
  ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????.
• ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????
  ??????.

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• 3- ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? Soil management
  factors-
• ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????
  ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????-
• ????? ??????? ????????? .
• ????? ???????? ??????? .
• ????? ???????? .
• 4- ??????? ???????? Cultivation and Crop rotation
• ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??
  ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.
• 5- ???????? ???????? Seasonal variation .
• 6- ????? Tillage.
• 7- ??????? ??????? ??????? Soil heavy metals.

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????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????

• ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
  ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??
  ??????? ???????? .
• ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????
  (??????? ????????) -
• ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????. ????? ???????
  ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???
  ????????-
• ??????? ?????? .
• ??????? ?????? .

23
????????? ????????? ??????? ????????

• ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????
  ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
  ???????? ??????? ????????-
• ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????????
  ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????.
• ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????
  ???????????.
• ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????
  ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???
  ??????? ?? ??????.
• ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????
  ??????.

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• 5. ????? ???????? ????? ???? 40 ???/????? ?????
  ???? ????? ?????? .
• 6. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? Strontium .
• 7. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ?? ?????? .
• 8. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???
  ????? ????? ??? .

25

• ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? (????
  ????? ??????)

26
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??
??????Diseases Induced by Mineral Deficincies

• ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??
  ??????-
• ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? Yellow Bery of Wheat-
• ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??-
• ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????.
• ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
• ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????
  ?? ??????.
• ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??
  ?????? ??? ??????????.

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• 2. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????
  ?? ?????? ??? ??????????.
• ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????-
• ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??
  ???? ????? ????? ?????????.
• ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??
  ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????.
• ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??
  ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????
  ??? ????? ?? ?????????.
• ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??
  ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? .

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• 3. ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? Gray Speck of
  Oats.
• 4. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? Pahala Blight of
  Sugarcane .
• 5. ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? Speckled Yellows
  of Sugarbeet.
• 6. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? Marsh Spot of
  Peas.
• 7. ?????? ??? ???????? .
• 8. ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? Heart Rot of
  Sugarbeet.
• 9. ????? ????? ?? ????????? Brown Heart of
  Crucifera .
• 10. ???? ??? ?????? Cracked Stem of Celery.
• 11. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? Drought Spot of Apple

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• 12. ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? Hard Fruit of
  Citrus.
• 13. ????? ????? ???????? Crtrus Mottle Leaf.
• 14. ????? ??????? ?? ????? White Tip of Corn .
• 15. ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? Zinc Deficiency in
  Sugarcane
• 16. ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? .
  
• 17. ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????
  ?????? .
• 18. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????
  Whiptail of Cauliflower adn other Brassicas.
• 19. ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? Bean Scald
  adn Yellow of Legumes.

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??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? (??????
???????)Injuries Due to Mineral Exces (Mineral
Toxicity)

• ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.
• ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
  ??????? .
• ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????.

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• 4. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????
  ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????
  ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
• 5. ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???
  ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????
  ??????.
• 6. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????
  ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????
  ???? ???? ??????? ??????.

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????? ????? ?????????? Excess of Nitrogen

• ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????
  ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
  ?? ???????.
• ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????
  ?? ?????? ???????-
• ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????
  ????? ??????.
• ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? .
• ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????.
  
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????
  ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ????????.

33
????? ????? ?????????? Excess of Potassium

• ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ?????? . ???????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ?????????? ????? ?? ????? -
• ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? .
• ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????
  ??????? ???? ???? ?? 3 ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????
  ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.
• ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
  ?? .

34
????? ????? ???????? ?????????? Excess of Sodium
and Calcium

• ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????
  ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ????? ?????
  ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????-
• ????? ??????? ?? ?????? White Tip of Grains .
• ?????? ????? Tip Burn .

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????? ????? ?????? Excess of Chlorine

• ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ???? ?????????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??
  ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????.

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????? ????? ???????? Excess of Manganese

• ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ??? ????? . ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????
  ????-
• ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
  Stem Sreak Necrosis Internal Bark Necrosis .
• ???? ?????? Crinkle Leaf.
• ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????
  ????? ????? ?????? .

37
????? ????? ??????? Excess of Boron

• ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??
  ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
  ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???
  ???? ?????.

38

• ????? ?????? Excess of Copper-
• ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????
  ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
  
• ????? ?????????? Excess of Aluminum-
• ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??
  ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????
  ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??
  ????? ?????? ???????? (??????? ???????????
  ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????).

39

• ????? ?????? Excess of Nickle -
• ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????
  ????? .
• ????? ????????? Execss of Beryllium -
• ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????
  ??? ??????? ?? (3-5) ???/????? ????? ????
  ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??
  ???? ??? ?? ???????
• ????? ???????? Excess hof Lithium -
• ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????
  ????? 0.1 ???/????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????
  ????? ???? ???????.
• ????? ?????? Excess of Iron -
• ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????
  ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????
  ???? Mentek ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????.

40
????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????
41
????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????

• ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????
  ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????
  ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????
  ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
  ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
  ?????????.

42
?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????????
?? ???????

• 1- ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
  ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????
  ??????? Trialeurodes vaporariorum ??? ????
  Dendranthema grandiflora. ???????? Bentz adn
  Larew (1992)
• ?????? ??? ??????? ?????-
• ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ?????? .
• ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? .

43

• 2- ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? (?? ??????
  ??????? ?????? ???????) ??? ?????? ????? ???????
  ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? (?????? ???????)?
  ?????? ?????? ?????. Jauest et al., (1998)
• ????? ??? ??????? ?????-
• ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??????????? ?? ????.
• ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???
  ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????.
• ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
  ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
  ???????????? ?????????.
• ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????
  ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????
  ???????? .
• ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???
  ???????? ???????? ??????????? (?????? ??????
  ?????) ?? (?????? ???????).

44

• 3- ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????
  ????? ??????? Jauest et al 2000
• ????? ??? ??????? ?????-
• ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? immatures ?????
  ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????.
• ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ???????.
• ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
• ??????? ?????? ?????? Totl fecundity of females
  ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
• ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????
  ?????? mean daily fecundity ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ??? ???? ?????? ???????.

45

• 4- ????? ????? ??????? ?? N, P, and K ??????
  ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? B. Tabaci
  ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. Sharaf
  and Nazer (1982)
• ????? ??? ??????? ?????-
• ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? .
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????
  ???????? .

46

• 5- ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???
  ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????
  ???? ??????? ??????? B. Argentifolii ?? Bentz
  et al 1995
• ????? ??? ??????? ?????-
• ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? .
• ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????
  ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????
  ???????? .
• ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????
  ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????????
  ?????? .

47
Thank You