The Quantum Atom

1
The Quantum Atom

• Weirder and Weirder

2
Wave-Particle Duality

• Louis de Broglie (1892-1987)?

3
Wave-Particle Duality

• Louis de Broglie (1892-1987)?
• De Broglie Hypothesis Any moving particle has
  an associated wave nature (1924).
• Ekhf true for electrons and all matter

4
Wave-Particle Duality

• De Broglie Hypothesis Any moving particle has
  an associated wave nature (1924).
• Ekhf true for electrons and all matter
• This means that light is not the only weird
  thing, all matter is weird
• De Broglie's Hypothesis tested in 1927 by
  Cliffton Davisson and Lester Germer of Bell
  Laboratories. They document electron diffraction

5
Nobel Prize

• De Broglie won in 1929 for his work
• Davisson and Germer won in 1937 for their work

6
The Impact

• De Broglie's hypothesis meant it was possible to
  predict the behavior of matter (including
  subatomic particles) using wave equations

7
The Impact

• De Broglie's hypothesis meant it was possible to
  predict the behavior of matter (including
  subatomic particles) using wave equations
• This idea was crucial for the development of
  quantum mechanics

8
Werner Heisenberg

• Electrons interact with photons because they have
  similar wavelengths.

9
Werner Heisenberg

• Electrons interact with photons because they have
  similar wavelengths.
• Photons are used to detect electrons

10
Werner Heisenberg

• Electrons interact with photons because they have
  similar wavelengths.
• Photons are used to detect electrons
• Because of the relationship, any attempt to find
  the velocity and position of an electron causes
  those quantities to change (the Heisenberg
  uncertainty principle)?

11
Werner Heisenberg

• Electrons interact with photons because they have
  similar wavelengths.
• Photons are used to detect electrons
• Because of the relationship, any attempt to find
  the velocity and position of an electron causes
  those quantities to change (the Heisenberg
  uncertainty principle)?
• Nobel prize in Physics 1932

12
Erwin Schrödinger

• 1926 used the dual particle-wave nature to
  develop wave equations that predicted where
  electrons were

13
Erwin Schrödinger

• 1926 used the dual particle-wave nature to
  develop wave equations that predicted where
  electrons were
• Only waves of specific energies (particular
  frequencies) fit the equationthis corresponds to
  the energy levels that Bohr proposed

14
Erwin Schrödinger

• 1926 used the dual particle-wave nature to
  develop wave equations that predicted where
  electrons were
• Only waves of specific energies (particular
  frequencies) fit the equationthis corresponds to
  the energy levels that Bohr proposed
• Nobel prize in Physics 1933

15
Quantum Mechanics

• Based on the work of de Broglie, Heisenberg,
  Schrödinger, Born, Einstein and others

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Quantum Mechanics

• Based on the work of de Broglie, Heisenberg,
  Schrödinger, Born, Einstein and others
• All matter behaves with both particle and wave
  nature

17
Quantum Mechanics

• Based on the work of de Broglie, Heisenberg,
  Schrödinger, Born, Einstein and others
• All matter behaves with both particle and wave
  nature
• The smaller a particle is, the more closely its
  behavior approaches a wave

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Quantum Mechanics

• Based on the work of de Broglie, Heisenberg,
  Schrödinger, Born, Einstein and others
• All matter behaves with both particle and wave
  nature
• The smaller a particle is, the more closely its
  behavior approaches a wave
• Quantum wave equations give probability of
  finding an electron in a particular energy level
  (orbital)?