Natural Resources

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Unit 5

• Natural Resources

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What are Resources?

• Resources are available material goods, or
  sources of wealth, that benefit and fulfill the
  needs of a community.
• There are THREE necessary conditions that must be
  met in order for naturally occurring material to
  be considered a resource

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These three conditions are

• 1. Need or Want
• A culture must have a need or a want for the
  natural material itself or things requiring the
  natural material. 
• Ex People desire gold (a natural resource)
  itself for its aesthetic value.

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These three conditions are

• 2. Technological Development
• A culture must have technological capabilities
  to extract and develop the natural material. 
• Ex the oil off the coast of NL was not a
  resource until we developed the capability to
  extract it. 

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These three conditions are

• 3. Profitability
• A culture must be able to make a profit from
  the material. 
• If the cost of extracting and producing is too
  high it is not profitable!  If there is no desire
  for the natural material it will not sell and is
  not profitable.

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How culture affects resources

• Example Sea Urchins
• - Asia had the "want" as a desired food source.
  We have developed the harvesting "technology"
  because the demand was there.  It is "profitable"
  due to inexpensive technology and high demand. 
• - Consequently all three conditions were met and
  sea urchins became a resource.

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Topic 1The Fishery
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What types of species live in the Ocean?
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Phytoplankton Microscopic, single-celled plant
organisms that live in the top layer of the ocean
waters where sunlight can shine through easily.
Zooplankton Microscopic, single-celled animal
organisms that live in the top layer of ocean
waters.
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Identify a Food Chain Phytoplankton Zooplankton
Salmon Puffin Fox
What would happen if a species was removed?
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Habitat The natural environment where organisms
live successfully.

• Continental Shelf A gently
• sloping area extending from
• the low-water line to the depth
• of a marked increase in slope
• around the margin of a
• continent.

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• Fishing Banks A shallow area on the continental
  shelf that provides a feeding and spawning ground
  for fish.
• NOTE
• Phytoplankton thrive here because the cold,
  nutrient-rich water is located at the surface
  where sunlight can easily penetrate through.

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Fish Habitats in Canada
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Commercial Fishing

• Definition
• This is fishing with the purpose of selling the
  catch.
• Commercial fishing makes up about 0.5 of the
  total value of Canadas economy.
• In parts of the Atlantic Coast and the Pacific
  Coast commercial fishing is the foundation of the
  economy and is the basis of a traditional way of
  life.

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Commercial Fishing

• Commercial fishing occurs primarily
• in three areas
• East Coast
• West Coast
• Larger, inland water bodies

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Two Fish Habitats in Canada

• Canadian Atlantic Coast
• Canadian Pacific Coast
• Each of these areas have a variety of reasons
  which make it suitable as a fish habitat

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Atlantic Canada
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Suitability for Fish Habitats

• Canadian Atlantic Coast (Pg. 264)
• It is located on a continental shelf.
• This shelf has very shallow areas called banks.
• These banks allow sunlight to shine through.
• Nutrients are available, hence phytoplankton is
  present.
• This area experiences turbulence, due to a cold
  ocean current (Labrador current) meeting with a
  warm ocean current (Gulf Stream current).
• Also water turbulence stirs up the nutrients.

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Canadas Pacific Coast
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Suitability for Fish Habitats

• Canadian Pacific Coast (Pg. 268)
• This fishery has a higher market value than those
  on the east coast.
• Many of the rivers located in British Columbia
  flow out into the ocean where a cold and warm
  ocean current meet.
• These rivers help add nutrients to the ocean
  waters.
• These rivers also help Salmon migrate to the
  ocean, where they will be fished.
• The most valuable salmon type, is called Sockeye,
  and catch is 60 times larger in this area.

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Comparing the Atlantic Fishery the Pacific
Fishery

• Atlantic Fishery
• Species caught (cod, herring, lobster, crab,
  flounder, mackerel, clams).
• 179,000 people are employed.
• This region has 80 of Canadas total landings.
• Most value comes form lobster, crab, shrimp and
  scallop.
• Export values are 3.4 billion.
• The technology used includes boats, trawl nets,
  lobster pots, crab pots, gill nets, hooks and
  lines.

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Comparing the Atlantic Fishery the Pacific
Fishery

• Pacific Fishery
• Species caught (cod, salmon, herring, halibut).
• 17,385 people are employed.
• This region has 16 of Canadas total landing.
• Most value comes from salmon, clams, groundfish,
  and herring roe.
• Higher market value compared to East coast.
• The technology used includes boats, gill nets,
  hooks and lines, draw-purse nets, beach nets,
  purse seines.

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Two Types of Fishery(Pg. 265)

• Inshore Fishery
• Boats remain within 16-20 km of shore and return
  home every day during warmer months.
• Boats are small (5-20m in length) with fixed gear
  and independently owned and operated.
• Boat crews consists of 1-3 people.
• Income is low and irregular, and fisherman
  usually collect unemployment insurance in the
  offseason.
• These fisherman are self-employed, and market and
  sell their own catch.

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• Offshore Fishery
• Boats fish to edges of continental shelf, up to
  350km from shore.
• Boats stay out to sea for 2-3 weeks or longer
  before returning home and fish all year long.
• Boats are large (20-50m in length), with the
  latest technology and equipment (usually mobile
  fish nets).
• Boat crews consists of 12-16 people.
• Fisherman obtain a steady income.
• Boats are owned and operated by large companies
  that catch, process, and market the fish.

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Fisheries Management

• There are a number of issues related to the
  fishery that require management.
• Pollution and conservation of fish stocks top the
  list.

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Major Sources of Ocean Pollution

• Oil
• Oceans suffer from many devastating spills.
• Hundreds of millions of gallons of oil quietly
  end up in the seas every year, mostly from
  non-accidental sources.

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Major Sources of Ocean Pollution

• Toxic Material
• Industrial, agricultural, household cleaning,
  gardening, and automotive products regularly end
  up in water.
• EX TBT, or tributyl tin, is added to boat paints
  to kill or repel barnacles and other troubling
  organisms that soil ships' hulls.

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Major Sources of Ocean Pollution

• Dangerous Debris
• When trash, particularly plastics, end up in the
  sea, they pose hazards to marine life.
• Animals drown or
• strangle from getting
• tangled in discarded or
• lost fishing gear, or suffer
• and even die from eating
• plastics and other garbage.

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Major Sources of Ocean Pollution

• Deposits Withdrawals
• Humans have used oceans as vast dumps for
  domestic, municipal, and industrial garbage for
  thousands of years.
• The enormous deep-sea resources will undoubtedly
  attract more miners in the future, as
  easy-to-reach deposits on land are depleted.

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Impact of New Technology on the Ocean Environment
(Pg. 206)

• Factory freezer Trawlers
• have likely had the most significant and
  negative impact.

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The reasons for this include

• Highly efficient at catching fish, but greatly
  reduces the population reproduction.
• Large diesel engines, echo sounding equipment,
  onboard freezers, and GPS navigation contribute
  to their efficiency.
• Destruction of the ocean
• floor by trawls/draggers
• eliminates good spawning
• locations for fish. Also, it
• disperses eggs, making
• fertilization more difficult.

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• By-catch is often discarded. Some regulations
  require ships to return with low levels of by
  catch.
• Traveling great distances and being able to stay
  at sea for long periods allows trawlers from all
  over the world to come together in good fishing
  areas. This puts added pressure on the fish
  stock.

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Sustainable Fishery

• Definition
• Using a resources such as the ocean species in a
  way that will ensure they
• will not become extinct, but
• will be protected to increase
• for the benefit of future generations.

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Strategies for a Sustainable Fishery

• Have knowledge about sustaining the fishery.
• Human attitudes must change.
• People need to understand the long-term wellbeing
  of the resource.
• Decrease consumption and worlds population.
• Extend legal jurisdictions.
• Try to prevent foreign fishing.
• OtherCan YOU identify any?????????????????
• technology, catch techniques, pollution,
  aquaculture.

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Depletion of cod stocks

• Fish is a renewable resource, and that renewable
  resources must be managed properly.
• Fish can be harvested forever if the number
  caught each year does not exceed the number
  reaching maturity in that year.

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Why the collapse?

• Five major conditions responsible for the
  collapse
• Overfishing
• Improved Fishing Technology
• Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing
• Destructive Fishing Practices
• Changes in Natural Conditions

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Aquaculture

• It is also known as fish farming and involves
  the raising of marine life in a controlled
  environment. Hence, this activity breeds and
  raises fish in tanks, ponds, and reservoirs.
• Since the fish are fed regularly and are safe
  from natural predators, they mature rapidly and
  successfully.

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Aquaculture

• CASE STUDY
• Aquaculture The Future of The Fishing Industry
• (Pg. 273-275)
• Complete Questions

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How do Canadians use resources in the ocean

• Many species sold fresh to restaurants (to be
  eaten).
• Most species like cod salmon are gutted,
  filleted and the meat is eaten.
• Capelin are eaten whole
• Some species like sturgeon lump fish sea
  urchins the eggs are extracted (roe or caviar).

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How do Canadians use resources in the ocean

• Cod, haddock Pollock are processed into fish
  sticks, fish cakes, imitation crab legs/meat.

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How do Canadians use resources in the ocean

• Cod, haddock Pollock are processed into fish
  sticks, fish cakes, imitation crab legs/meat.
• Some species are used in cat food
• Cod and many others have oil extracted from them
  for medicinal purposes, vitamin minerals.
• Bait for other species