The structure of the eukaryotic chromosome.

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Lecture 41

• The structure of the eukaryotic chromosome.

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Walther Flemming (1879).
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Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri
(1903) Chromosomal theory of inheritance
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Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
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Anatomy of (metaphase) chromosome
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One Chromatid one DNA molecule
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Pairs of Homologous chromosomes
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Human Chromosomes
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Chromosome Conundrum
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Levels of folding of DNA
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Nucleosomes 10 nm beaded string
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DNA wound around a cluster of histone molecules
Histone tails
Linker DNA
Nucleosome (10 nm diameter)
Fig. 10-2a, p. 213
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30 nm coiled-coil solenoid 300 nm looped
scaffold
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Post-translational modification of Histones
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Lecture 31

• Cell cycle and mitosis

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The life of a cell
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Organization of Genetic Material
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Cell Cycle
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Cell Cycle chromosomes, chromatids, DNA
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Karyokinesis or Mitosis
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Onion root tip.
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Prophase
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Fig. 10-8, p. 218
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Prophase Chromosome
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Onion root tip.
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Mitotic spindle - Metaphase
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Onion root tip.
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Anaphase A and B
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Telophase
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Cytokinesis (animal cells)
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Lecture 43

• Regulation of the cell cycle

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Cell Cycle
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Cell Cycle Regulation Questions?
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Build-up/cycling of Protein Kinase act.
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MPF and SPF regulate the cell cycle
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MPF and SPF are heterodimers?
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Cell Cyclin concentration determines MPF and SPF
activity.
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MPF/SPF phosphorylate cyclin.
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Proteasomal destruction of cyclin.
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Cyclin Cdk
Poly-ubiquitylation
Proteasome
Ubiquitin
Proteasomal destruction of cyclin
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MPF triggers mitosis
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MPF triggers Anaphase
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SPF triggers S-phase
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SPF releases E2F
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Retinoblastoma.
E2F
Rb
Cdk2-cyclin E

P
DNA
mRNA
DNA polymerase
S-phase
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Checkpoints Surveillance Mechanisms
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Checkpoint consequence
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E.g., p53 guards against DNA damage
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The End.