CHAPTER 27 LESSON 1 REVIEW!!!

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Chapter 27 Lesson 1 Review
CHAPTER 27 LESSON 1 REVIEW!!!
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What are the four fundamental causes for WWI?
Militarism Alliances
Imperialism Nationalism
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Chapter 27 Lesson 2 Notes
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• WESTERN FRONT WARFARE

• Trench fighting of 700-miles of unbroken
  parallel line of ditches stretching from
• Switzerland to the North Sea with French /
  British troops versus German troops trenches
  separated only by a desolate area called
• No Mans Land
• Caused by industrialized weapons, resulting with
  a (whereby no one side gain an advantage over the
  other)
• stalemate, leading to a
• war of attrition (each side wears down its
  enemys resources)

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EXAMPLES

• The Battle of the Marne (France, 1915)
• The Schlieffen Plan is abandoned as
• Germany now faces a
• 2-front war
• The Battle of Verdun (France, 1916) Germany
  gains only 4 miles in 6 months with total
  casualties of 500,000
• The Battle of the Somme (France, 1916) Allied
  (warring nations)
• belligerents gain 5 miles, losing one
  million soldiers

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WWI gas masks
British
German
Italian
French
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• EASTERN FRONT WARFARE

• a war of mobilization, but
• stalemate common
• 2. The Battle of Tannenberg (East Prussia,
• 1914) Allied Power,
• Russia, is crushed and never fully recovers
• from this defeat but continues to force a
  
• two-front war on Germany by continuing to
  contribute soldiers to the Allied cause in the
  east, despite its defeat at
• Tannenberg)

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3. The Gallipoli Campaign a campaign is any
series of battles related to the same
objective (1914) The Allies fail to
capture the Bosporus Strait and the
Strait of the Dardanelles, both of
which were controlled by the Ottoman
Turks Allied Power, Russia, is now cut
off from Allied support and supplies,
but continues to fight despite its
almost hopeless
situation
Gallipoli Peninsula
Ottoman Empire
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• THE ITALIAN FRONT

Little effort made by the Italians except to
divert Germany from the Eastern Front
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• REASONS WHY THE UNITED STATES ENTERS WORLD
  WAR I ON APRIL 8,
• 1917

1. from a policy of (remaining uninvolved in
world affairs) isolationism to a policy
of belligerency 2. British (a
one-sided view to encourage support)
propaganda against Germany becomes
increasingly persuasive in the U.S.
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3. The Zimmermann Telegram this dispatch was
sent from Germany to the German ambassador
serving in Mexico the message suggested
that Mexico should declare war on the United
States and reclaim Arizona, Texas, and New
Mexico the telegram is intercepted by
British intelligence telegram given to the
U.S. government the U.S. govt releases telegram
to the press to anger Americans
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• Germany uses unrestricted submarine warfare on
  four U.S. neutral merchant ships suspected by
  the Germans of carrying
• contraband (illegal war materials)
• 5. the 1915 sinking of the British passenger
  liner, the Lusitania, by Germany with almost 200
  Americans on board

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6. President Woodrow Wilson declares
war on Germany and the rest of the Central Powers
to make the world safe for democracy
and as a war to end (all) wars
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REASONS WHY RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WORLD WAR I
(MARCH, 1917)

• defeat in 1914 at the Battle of
• Tannenberg
• failure of the Allied offensive in the
• Gallipoli Campaign

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• Nicholas II is held responsible for the 1905
• event called Bloody Sunday whereby 100s
• of peaceful protesters were gunned down
• by Russian soldiers at the Winter Palace
  in
• St. Petersburg causing a loss of faith in
  the
• czar
• war-time food shortages
• with severe food rationing
• disastrous losses on the
• battlefield
• Czar Nicholas II abdicates
• the Russian throne in March,
• 1917, ending a 300-year rule
• by the Romanov Dynasty

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• Czarist rule is followed by a provisional
  (temporary) government led by Alexander Kerensky,
  a
• Menshevik, (a moderate socialist) in the
  Russian legislature, called the
• Duma

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• the radical socialists called the
• Bolsheviks, or Communists, come to
• power in Russia when Germany secretly
• transports exiled Russian
• leader,
• Lenin, back into the country
• c. Lenin overthrows Kerensky
• with a
• coup detat, promising
• Land, Peace, and Bread,
• the motto of the
• Bolshevik (Communist)
• Revolution (Nov., 1917)

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d. Lenin secretly withdraws Russia from WW I by
signing the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with
Germany Allied Powers angry e.
Russia becomes embroiled in a 3-year civil war
between the Red Army (communists) and
the White Army (Allied troops) the Red
Communists Army wins the civil war
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f. the Romanov family is assassinated by the
Communists g. Lenin and the
Communist Party take totalitarian control
of Russia
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• ENTRY OF THE U.S. IN 1917 LEADS TO DEFEAT OF
  THE CENTRAL POWERS

• by 1918 fresh American troops increase Allied
• morale with human and industrial resources
• 2. use of American convoys (warships
  surrounding merchant ships) mines under-water
  explosives airplanes

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• Central Powers
• Bulgaria and the
• Ottoman Empire are the first and second
• respectively to sue for peace
• the (Austria-Hungary)
• Dual Monarchy falls to revolution, ending
• the rule of the
• Hapsburg Dynasty

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• Germanys Wilhelm II (Kaiser Bill) surrenders,
  
• ending the rule of the
• Hohenzollern dynasty and the end of the
• 2nd Reich
• the newly established German
• Weimar Republic signs an
• armistice (an agreement to stop fighting)
  at the
• 11th hour (AM) in the
• 11th month, on the
• 11th day,
• 1918.

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• THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE FOLLOWS IN JAN.,
  
• 1919

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Chapter 27 Lesson 3 Notes The Paris Peace
Conference Jan., 1919
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• THE BIG FOUR VICTORIOUS ALLIED POWERS

• Prime Minister Lloyd George representing
• Britain
• Premier Clemenceau representing
• France

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• Premier Orlando representing Italy (but
  angrily
• leaves early because Italy does not receive
  the
• promised land from defeated
• Austria as Italy had been secretly promised
  by the
• Allies at the beginning of the war)
• President Woodrow Wilson representing the
• U. S. (Orlandos absence leaves the
• Big Three to work out the details of the
  peace
• conference with their subsequent peace
  treaties)

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• WILSONS DESIRE FOR A
• PEACE OF JUSTICE IS EMBODIED IN HIS
• 14 POINTS

• no secret treaties
• freedom of trade and freedom of the seas
• armament reduction for all countries
• self-determination
• people have right to rule themselves
• 14th POINT to establish an international
• organization called the
• League of Nations, made up of large and small
  
• states, to
• negotiate conflict rather than go to
• war

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• DEFEATED GERMANYS
• TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED BY THE NEWLY FORMED
• WEIMAR REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

• peace of vengeance forced upon Germany
• rather than using President Wilsons
• suggestion for a peace of justice or a
  peace
• without victory toward defeated Germany
• Germany is forced to accept the
• war guilt clause, having to take full
• responsibility for the war and its aftermath

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• Germany is forced to accept the
• blank check clause
• reparations (amounts of money to be paid for
  
• damages caused) are determined later to be
• 30 billion
• Germany must relinquish (turn over) the iron
  
• coal-rich territories called
• Alsace / Lorraine to
• France

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• Germany must relinquish the Polish Corridor
• along the Baltic Sea to
• Poland the purpose for this strategy is to
  not
• only give land-locked Poland access to a port
  
• called
• Danzig for trade, but as important, to divide
  
• the German population to prevent its future
• German unity
• Germany is forbidden to produce any
• additional war materials

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• Germany is forbidden to
• station troops in the
• Rhineland, a strip of
• German land next door to
• France
• Germany is forced to
• relinquish the
• Sudetenland (a moun-
• tainous region of 3
• million Germans) to
• Czechoslovakia, the only
• democracy in E. Europe,
• and again, the purpose
• is to separate the
• German population

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• An Anschluss (union)
• is forbidden between Germany and
• Austria

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• EX-ALLIED POWER,
• RUSSIA, IS PUNISHED MOST SEVERELY

• Because Communism becomes the most
• feared political system, the Allies provide a
• buffer zone between Russia and the rest of
• Europe by taking Russian lands along the
• Baltic Sea so that

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• former Allied Power,
• Russia, loses more
• land than any other
• belligerent in WW I
• Finland, Estonia,
• Latvia, Lithuania
• become independent
• Baltic states
• Russia also loses
• Poland
• Russia, too, loses
• more soldiers, its
• most valuable
• resource, than any
• other belligerent as
• a result of WWI

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• UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD AFFAIRS
  AFTER WW I

• returns to a policy of
• isolationism
• refuses to join the
• League of Nations
• signs 5 separate peace treaties with
• each of the defeated
• Central Powers