The%20Cell

1
The Cell

• The building blocks of life

2
The Cell

• Go to the Cell Size link.
• http//www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm

3
The Cell

• Cells are not the smallest structure that make up
  living organisms. They are merely the smallest
  functional units. Cells themselves contain
  smaller units called organelles. Organelles are
  tiny cell structures that carry out specific
  functions with a cell.
• Produce energy, build and transport materials,
  and store and recycle waste.

4
The Cell

• To get inside
• You must first go through the Cell Wall. The Cell
  Wall is a rigid layer of non-living material that
  surrounds mostly plant cells
• Animal cells do not have cell walls.
• Made of Cellulose
• Protects and supports a plant cell.
• Its what gives a tree its strength.
• Figure 1 on your plant cell diagram the thick
  part

5
The Cell

• All cells have a Cell Membrane. In plants it is
  next to the cell wall.
• The Cell Membrane separates the cell from its
  environment.
• The Cell Membrane controls what substances come
  into and out of a cell.
• Figure 1 on your plant and animal cell diagram
  Thin layer on the plant cell diagram

6
The Cell

• After you go through the cell membrane, you enter
  the Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is a clear gel-like
  fluid that fills the cell and contains the
  organelles.
• Constantly moving fluid

7
The Cell

• Floating around within the cytoplasm we have all
  kinds of good stuff
• The Golgi Bodies
• The packaging and shipping department for newly
  formed proteins in the cell.
• A folded collection of sacks and tubes.
• Figure 3 on your plant and animal cell diagram

8
The Cell

• More floating stuff
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
• Network of tubes or membranes
• Carries materials through cell
• Figure 2 on your plant and animal cell diagram

9
The Cell

• More floating stuff
• Ribosomes
• Small bodies free or attached to E.R.
• Produces proteins

10
The Cell

• More floating stuff
• Mitochondrion.
• Bean-shaped with inner membranes.
• Breaks down sugar molecules into energy.
• Figure 6 on your plant and animal cell diagram

11
The Cell

• More floating stuff
• Vacuole
• Small fluid-filled sacs
• Store food, water, waste.
• Figure 5 on your plant cell diagram

12
The Cell

• More floating stuff
• Lysosome
• Small, round, with a membrane
• Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller
  molecules.
• Digests old cell parts.
• Figure 5 on your animal cell diagram

13
The Cell

• More floating stuff
• Chloroplast
• Plants only, not animal cells.
• Green, oval usually containing chlorophyll (green
  pigment).
• Uses energy from sun to make food for the plant
  (photosynthesis)
• Figure 7 on your plant cell diagram

14
The Cell

• Finally.. The brains of the operation.
• The Nucleus
• The brain of the cell, directing all the cells
  activities.
• Surrounded by the Nuclear Membrane
• Protection and regulation of material transport.
• Figure 4 on your plant and animal cell diagram

15
The Cell

• And in that cell brain...
• The Chromatin
• Genetic material which chemically directs all of
  the cells activities.
• Made of DNA and affiliated proteins
• Fine twisted stuff within Figure 4 on your plant
  and animal cell diagram

16
The Cell

• And in that cell brain...
• The Nucleolus
• Instructions in DNA are copied here
• Works with ribosomes in the synthesis of protein
• Dark area within Figure 4 on your plant and
  animal cell diagram

17
A few words about a few other cells..
18
Bacteria

• This little guys are about 10x smaller than the
  average animal cell.
• They have cell walls and cell membranes
• They do not have a nucleus!

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Important definition here!

• Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus are
  calledEukaryotes
• Organisms whose cells DO NOT contain a nucleus
  are calledProkaryotes
• Bacteria are prokaryotes.

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Important exception!

• Red blood cells in mammals (like you and me) DO
  NOT contain a nucleus or even DNA.

21
Bacteria

• Come in three basic shapes.
• Sphere cocci
• Rod bacilli
• Spiral

22
Bacteria cocci
Diplococcus
http//student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/
unit1/shape/diplo.html
23
Bacteria cocci
Streptococcus
http//student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/
unit1/shape/gpstrep.html
24
Bacteria bacilli
Streptococcus
http//www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/la
bpics/lab1pics.htm
25
Bacteria Spiral
http//www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/celll
ab.htm
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Bacteria

• We are not going to get back into cell structure,
  however, it is at least worth looking at bacteria
  mobility.
• Flagellum
• long whip like structure
• spins like a propeller
• Rotary joint

27
Bacteria
http//images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/ta
rgets/illus/ilt/T028556A.gif
28
Bacteria
http//www.answersingenesis.org/docs/images/flagel
lum.jpg
29
Bacteria

• Bacteria exist in two Kingdoms.
• Archaebacteria
• Live in extreme environments
• Acids, intestines, sewage, 110 degree water etc
• Produce foul odors
• Eubacteria
• Live everywhere else
• Many are beneficial

30
Bacteria Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction
• Reproduction with only one parent
• binary fission
• one cell divides to form two identical cells
• Sexual Reproduction
• Two parents combine genetic material
• Conjugation
• Transfer genetic material through a thin bridge

31
Bacteria Conjugation
http//kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/27-x1-
ProkaryoteConjugation.jpg
32
Bacteria binary fission
http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
69091a.jpg
33
A tiny glimpse at the Virus

• Simple success

34
Virus
http//webs.wichita.edu/mschneegurt/biol103/lectur
e17/Ebola_EM.jpg
35
Virus

• Non-living
• Do not use energy to grow
• Do not respond to their surroundings
• Sub-microscopic
• Unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.
• A host is an organism that harbors a virus or
  parasite.

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Virus

• Each viral particle, or virion, consists of just
  two parts
• Genetic material, DNA or RNA.
• A protective protein coat called a capsid.

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Virus

• Viruses multiply by entering a host cell and
  taking over cell function with its own genetic
  material.
• The infected host cells then produce more protein
  and genetic material to assemble new virion.

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Virus
http//www.ifpma.org/Influenza/index.aspx?001_The_
Influenza_Virus/001a_Influenza_Virus.html
39
Virus
http//www.weblo.com/domain/available/grupvirus.co
m/
40
High Resolution photomicrograph of the SimianVirus
http//www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk/monkey_molecules/other_s
tructures/