Chapter 29: Plants

1
Chapter 29 Plants 
2
 Evolution of plants

• Angiosperms
• Most abundant group of plants today
• the flowering plants

• Charophyceans
• The ancestor of all plants

3

• Evidence for land plants evolving from green
  algae

• Morphological and biochemical evidence 
•  structure of flagellated sperm
•  formation of a phragmoplast
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4
Moss Life Cycle
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Gametophyte Dominate Life Cycles

• Land plants like moss are Gametophyte Dominant 
•  During the Gametophyte stage and the Sporophyte
  stage plants are equal in size and the stages
  last the same amount of time
• Nonvascular plants 

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Fern Life Cycle
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Sporophyte Dominant Life Cycles

• Plants like Ferns are Sporophyte Dominant 
•  During the Sporophyte stage the plants are
  bigger and are in  this stage for longer
• Vascular plants

8
Four Phyla of the Plant Kingdom

• Bryophytes
•        (mosses)
•  Pteridophytes
•        (ferns)
•  Gymnosperms
•        (early seed plants)
• Angiosperms
•        (flowering plants)

(Bryophyte)
(Pteridophytes)
(Angiosperms)
(Gymnosperms)
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Bryophytes
mosses, liverworms, and hornworts at least 21,100
species

• Defining characteristics
• Lack vascular tissue
• Do not grow to very great heights
• Lack of roots
• Have rhizoids- very thin (single cell thick)
  fillaments that anchor the plant and help
  transport nutrients
• Transports subtances through diffusion and
  osmosis
• Hapliod cells- only one set of chromosomes
• Thrive in moist enviornments

10
Pterophytes
Ferns at least 12,000 species

• Defining characteristics
• Have vascular tissue
• Seedless
• Leaves usually arise from underground stem
• Thrive in tropical areas

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Gymnosperms
conifers- cone plants at least 200 species

• Defining characteristics
• contain seeds
• seeds not enclosed in chambers
•  Vascular tissues
• allow plant to grow taller

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Angiosperms
flowering plants at least 260,000 species

• Occupy almost all regions of the world
• except extreme habitats such as high
  mountaintops, the deep oceans, and the areas near
  the poles
• can be small herbs, parasitic plants, shrubs,
  vines, lianas, or giant trees
• crucial for human survival
• most natural clothing fibers are angiosperms
• important resources for timber and medicine

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Angiosperms (continued)

• Defining characteristics
•  reproduce quickly
•  seeds enclosed in fruit (seeds are protected)
• distinct underground roots
• complex structure
• help absorb nutrients
• strong vascular tissue
• allows them to grow high
•  leaves
• help carry out photosynthesis
• cuticles and spores help maintaine water (keep it
  from evaporating)

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Adaptions of land plants that increased their
survival

• Apical Meristems
• Alteration of generations
• Walled spores
• Multicellular Gamentangia
• Cuticles
• Secondary compounds

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Apical Meristems    

• located at tip of root and top of stem
• increase plants availability to nutrients

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Walled Spores

• tough outer walls
• allows spores to survive in harsh environments

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Multicellular gametangia

• where the gametes are produced
• female gametangia are called archegonia
• male gametangia are called antheridia

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Cuticles

• helps water loss from above ground plant organs
• protect the plant from parasites

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Alterations of Generations

• life cycle alternates between two different
  multicellular bodies, with each producing the
  other. 
• derived trait of land plants
• gametophytes and sporophytes (definitions on
  sheet)
• sporophytes produce spores which develop into
  gametophytes, and gametophytes produce gametes
  that join, forming zygotes that develop into
  sporophytes.

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Sexual Reproduction in animals vs. alterations in
generations in plants. 

• haploid stage in animals is made up of single
  celled gametes.
• in plants both multicellular haploid and
  multicellular diploid stages in the life cycle.

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Adaptations of pteridophytes (ferns)

• have xylem and phloem 
• have roots 
• have leaves 
•  most are homosporous

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Works Cited

•  
• "Alternation of Generations." Photograph. UIC.edu.
  First Last. Prentice Hall Inc. , 2005. Web. 6   
                   
•         Nov 2011. lthttp//www.uic.edu/classes/bios
  /bios100/lectures/alternation_generations.jpggt.
• "Pterophyte." Photograph. Picasa Web Albums.
  Kevin Nguyens. 2008. Web. 6 Nov 2011. 
•         lthttp//lh4.ggpht.com/--
•         YZGWXFS2TQ/S8ZpSxbSjkI/AAAAAAAAAC4/TMugVCD
  Bi3M/Ferns.jpggt.    
• Reece, Campbell. Ed. Biology .seventh edition.
  Boston Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2005.
•             1106-1131. Print.
•