Fahad Alosaimi MBBS, SSC-Psych

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Cognitive and emotional development

• Fahad Alosaimi MBBS, SSC-Psych
• Consultation liaison psychiatrist
• King Saud University

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Learning objectives

• Upon completion of this event, attendees will
  have
• Enhanced knowledge understanding of some
  important theories pertaining to cognitive and
  emotional development.
• Awareness of the connection between cognition,
  emotions and behaviours.
• Skills to examine the stages of cognitive and
  emotional development.

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Outlines of the talk

• Cognitive Schemas
• Cognitive development
• Moral reasoning
• Different aspects of emotion
• Inappropriate emotion
• The dynamics of emotions
• Anger

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Cognitive psychology

• Thoughts a way of processing information which
  are related to a particular time , person or
  object.
• Thinking The mental manipulation of information
  of internal representations of objects and
  situations ( Wade and Tavis, 1993)

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Cognitive Schemas (Piaget)

• Schemas a cognitive map for processing
  information.
• Piaget a process of formations or
  reformulations of schemas include
• Assimilations the act of taking in a new
  information.
• Accommodation The act of making room to allow
  for new information.
• Adaptation the whole process of assimilations
  and accommodation...equilibrium between them.

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Cognitive Schemas (Piaget)
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Cognitive psychology

• Irrational thinking ,e.g. doctors have easy life.
  ..Doctors have difficult life...
• Models of life positions (Ok-ness concept)
• ( truly think of self others), ( Thomas Harris,
  1973)
• OK means good, not OK means either bad or feeling
  inferior.
• Four life positions
• Im not OK- you are OK (I am inferior to others)
• Im not OK- you are not OK (every one is bad
• I m OK- you are not OK (I am superior to others)
• Im OK- you are OK( there is goodness in
  everyone)

Unconsc.
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Cognitive development (Piaget)
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Cognitive development (Piaget)
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Piaget and moral reasoning

• Moral realism obligation and values are
  determined by law or the order itself,
  independent of the intentions and relationships.
• Moral realism lead to objective responsibilities.
• Children believe if they violate some moral rules
  they will be punished .
• Moral reasoning will start through the process of
  socialization.

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Kohlberg moral reasoning
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Kohlberg moral reasoning
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Reason for obedience and value imposed on human
life ( Kohler, 1984)
Motives for moral actions Value of human life
1) Obey rules to avoid punishment Value is confused with the value of physical objects..based on social status or physical attributes of the possessors.
2) Conform to obtain rewards Value is instrumental to the satisfactions of the needs of its possessor or of others.
3) Conform to avoid disapproval Value is based on empathy of others .
4) Conform to avoid harsh disapproval of authority and resultant guilt Life is sacred in in term of its place in a categorical moral or religious order of rights and duties.
5) Conform to maintain the respect of the impartial spectator judging in terms of community welfare Life is valued in relation to community welfare and of being a universal human right.
6) Conform to avoid self-condemnation Human life is sacred- a universal human value of respect for the individual.
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• Emotion behaviour

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Emotion

• Body without emotion is like a body without a
  heart.
• Emotion help to appreciate love, pain and grief.
• Emotion is the essence of all animal
  communications ( verbal non verbal).
• Contributes to the preservation of the moral
  rules of the society.
• E.G . Patents may say to their child you should
  feel bad for the way you behave

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Physiological aspects of emtotion

• Arousal of limbic system lead to changes in HR,
  sweating and BP.
• According to Delgado(1971), electrical
  stimulation of the rat brain resulted in two
  types of emotional responses
• 1) false rage( pseudorage) vocal display of
  verbal aggression not directed at other rates,
  anterior hypothalamus
• 2) true rage vocal display of verbal aggression
  to ward off the threatening danger , lateral
  hypothalamus.
• Delgado(1971), stimulation of the right amygdala
  may produce a fit of rage in psych patient who
  was playing.

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Expressive aspects of emotion
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Experiential aspect of emotion

• Crucial to daily functioning and responsible for
  motivating action.
• People behaviour is related mostly to mixed
  emotions

Primary emotions Secondary (mixed) emotions
Acceptance Disgust Anticipation/expectation Anger Fear Joy Sadness surprise Aggressiveness( anger anticipation) Awe ( fear surprise) Contempt( anger disgust) Disappointment(sadness surprise) Love( acceptance joy) Optimism( anticipation joy) Remorse( sadness disgust) Submission( acceptance fear)
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Have you always expressed your true feelings?

• Inappropriate emotion one which is not warranted
  by the evoking object or situation.
• Racket feeling put the true feeling on hold
  take on a substitute feeling.
• May be unconscious.
• Learned from parents and significant others
• It is better not to cry!....Do not be
  upset!...Do not let them know how you
  feel!...pretend it does not hurt!..etc.

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The dynamics of emotion (Plutchik,1994)
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Anger is a natural emotion

• Anger is an arousal plus thoughts of attacking.
• is a strong feeling of annoyance.
• Anger bouts have
• antecedents
• behaviour
• consequences.
• Common antecedents of anger
• problems with relationship,
• interaction with strangers,
• injustice
• inconveniences.

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Anger

• Socialisation may lead to regard anger as a
  weakness .
• When people get angry , they tend to function
  purely from an emotional dimension.
• may behave from mild irritation to destruction.
• Anger is an intrapersonal event but mostly
  expressed in an overt behaviour.

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Anger

• Expression of anger
• Outward , e.g. in destructive behaviour.
• Inward, e.g. Depression or suicide.
• Repressed or suppressed( on hold)
• Theories of anger
• Psychoanalysis instinct of aggression is aroused
  through frustration of the id, externalized to
  protect individual from self-harm.
• Frustration-aggression hypothesis (
  dollard,1939).
• Social learning theory( bandura,1973)aggression
  is a learned behaviour, through reinforcement,
  direct observation and instruction

May adaptive if proper channel like boxing
Maladaptive !!
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Functions of anger aggression

• Ventilation of anger.
• Defence against anxiety to deal with their
  anxieties in an attempt to protect themselves.
• Controlling function let them know who is the
  boss
• Protective function to warn the enemy that I am
  not an easy prey

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Thank you