Therapy

1
Therapy

• Psychotherapy
• an emotionally charged, confiding interaction
  between a trained therapist and someone who
  suffers from psychological difficulties
• Eclectic Approach
• an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on
  the clients problems, uses techniques from
  various forms of therapy

2
Therapy- Psychoanalysis

• Psychoanalysis
• Freud
• patients free associations, resistances, dreams,
  and transferences and the therapists
  interpretations of them released previously
  repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain
  self-insight
• use has rapidly decreased in recent years
• Resistance
• blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden
  material

3
Therapy- Psychoanalysis

• Interpretation
• the analysts noting supposed dream meanings,
  resistances, and other significant behaviors in
  order to promote insight
• Transference
• the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions
  linked with other relationships
• e.g. love or hatred for a parent

4
Therapy- Psychoanalysis

• Malan I get the feeling that you are the sort of
  person who needs to keep active. If you dont
  keep active, something goes wrong. Is that true?
• Vader Yes.
• Malan I get a second feeling about you and that
  is that you must, underneath all this, have an
  awful lot of very strong and upsetting feelings.
  Somehow, theyre all there, but you arent really
  quite in touch with them. Isnt that right? I
  feel youve been like that as long as you can
  remember.
• Vader For quite a few years, whenever I really
  sat down and thought about I got depressed, so I
  tried not to think about it.
• Malan You see, youve established a pattern,
  havent you? Youre even like that here with me,
  because in spite of the fact you are in some
  trouble, and you feel the bottom is falling out
  of your world, the way youre telling me this as
  if there wasnt anything wrong.

5
Humanistic Therapy

• Client-Centered Therapy
• Also called humanistic therapy - Carl Rogers
• a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to
  facilitate clients growth
• Active Listening
• empathic listening in which the listener echoes,
  restates, and clarifies

6
Humanistic Therapy

• Rogers Feeling that now, hm? That youre just no
  good to yourself, no good to anybody. Never will
  be any good to anybody. Just that youre
  completely worthless, huh? Those really are
  lousy feelings. Just feel youre no good at all,
  hm?
• Jon Smith Yeah. (muttering in low, discouraged
  voice) Thats what this guy I went to the
  store with just the other day told me.
• Rogers This guy you went to the store with
  really told you that you were no good? Is that
  what you are saying? Did I get that right?
• Jon Smith M-hm.
• Rogers I guess the meaning of that - if I get it
  right - is that heres somebody that meant
  something to you and what does he think of you?
  Why, hes told you that he thinks youre no good
  at all. And that just really knocks the props out
  from under you. (Jon weeps quietly.) It just
  brings the tears. (Silence 20 seconds)
• Jon Smith (rather defiantly) I dont care
  though.
• Rogers You tell yourself you dont care at all,
  but somehow I guess some part of you cares
  because some part of you weeps over it.

7
Biomedical Therapies

• Psychopharmacology
• study of the effects of drugs on mind and
  behavior
• Lithium
• chemical that provides an effective drug therapy
  for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive)
  disorders

8
Biomedical Therapies

• The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals

9
Biomedical Therapies
10
Biomedical Therapies

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• therapy for severely depressed patients in which
  a brief electric current is sent through the
  brain of an anesthetized patient
• Psychosurgery
• surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in
  an effort to change behavior
• lobotomy
• now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to
  calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
  

11
Biomedical Therapies

• Electroconvulsive Therapy

12
Behavior Therapy

• Behavior Therapy
• therapy that applies learning principles to the
  elimination of unwanted behaviors
• Counter-conditioning
• procedure that conditions new responses to
  stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
• based on classical conditioning

13
Behavior Therapy Counter Conditioning

• Systematic Desensitization
• associates a pleasant, relaxed state with
  gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
• commonly used to treat phobias

14
Behavior Therapy Counter Conditioning

• Aversive Conditioning
• type of counter conditioning that associates an
  unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
• Food poisoning leads to not wanting that food
  anymore. Examples?

15
Behavior Therapy Counter Conditioning

• Token Economy
• an operant conditioning procedure that rewards
  desired behavior
• patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned
  for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various
  privileges or treats

16
Cognitive Therapy

• Cognitive Therapy
• teaches people new, more adaptive ways of
  thinking and acting
• based on the assumption that thoughts intervene
  between events and our emotional reactions

17
Cognitive Therapy

• The Cognitive Revolution

Can you title this chart?
18
Cognitive Therapy

• A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders

19
Cognitive Therapy

• Cognitive therapy for depression

Depression scores
20
Cognitive Therapy

• Creating Optimism
• Temporary, not permanent.
• Circumstantial, not personal.
• Localized, not pervasive.

21
Cognitive Therapy

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• a popular integrated therapy that combines
  cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating
  thinking) with behavior therapy (changing
  behavior)

22
Group Therapies

• Family Therapy
• treats the family as a system
• views an individuals unwanted behaviors as
  influenced by or directed at other family members
• attempts to guide family members toward positive
  relationships and improved communication

23
Who Does Therapy?

• To whom do people turn for psychological
  difficulties?

24
Who Does Therapy?

• Clinical psychologists
• Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise
  in research, assessment, and therapy,
  supplemented by a supervised internship.
• About half work in agencies and institutions,
  half in private practice.

25
Who Does Therapy?

• Clinical or Psychiatric social worker
• A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program
  plus postgraduate supervision prepares some
  social workers to offer psychotherapy
• It is mostly to people with everyday personal and
  family problems.

26
Who Does Therapy?

• Counselors
• Marriage and family counselors specialize in
  problems arising from family relations.
• Pastoral counselors provide counseling to
  countless people.
• Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and
  with spouse and child abusers and their victims.

27
Who Does Therapy?

• Psychiatrists
• Physicians who specialize in the treatment of
  psychological disorders.
• Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training
  in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe
  medications.
• They tend to see those with the most serious
  problems.
• Many have a private practice.

28
Does Therapy Work?

• Meta-analysis
• procedure for statistically combining the results
  of many different research studies