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Abortus habitualis

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Title: Abortus habitualis


1
Abortus habitualisÄtiologie und Therapie
  • C Tempfer

2
Recurrent Miscarriage
  • clinical/biochemical pregnancies
  • miscarriage rates
  • 15 to 20 (ACOG 1995)
  • 50 to 75 (Boklage et al. 1990)
  • definition - recurrent abortion
  • 3 or more consecutive miscarriages lt 20 weeks
    gestation, same partner (ACOG 1995)
  • 3 or more pregnancy losses (RCOG 2003)
  • incidence
  • 1-2 (Wilcox et al. 1990) expected 0.3 due to
    chance alone

3
DIAGNOSTIK
4
Diagnostik - Infektionen
  • 16 repräsentative Studien
  • Assoziation mit
  • Ureaplasmen (Stray-Pedersen et al. 1977)
  • Chlamydien (Witkin et al. 1992)
  • Mycoplasmen (Quinn et al. 1983)
  • Toxoplasmen (Sahwi et al. 1995)
  • keine Assoziation
  • Listeria, Francisella, Yersinia, Candida,
    Brucella
  • ACOG, RCOG keine Empfehlung

5
Diagnostik - Uterus
  • Anatomische Veränderungen in 1.8-37.6
  • Assoziation mit (Tho 1979)
  • Septum
  • Myome
  • Synechien
  • Uterus bicornis
  • Lebgebrate 50 (Grimbizis 2001)
  • Operative Intervention (De Cherney 1986)
  • n101
  • Lebendgeburtrate 85 nach OP kein RCT

6
Genetik - Karyotyp
  • Leukozytenkultur
  • numer./strukt. Aberrationen
  • selten - 3 (Simpson et al. 1989)
  • balancierte Translokationen
  • simple Translok.
  • reziproke Translok.
  • Robertsonsche Translok.
  • Abortrisiko 25-50
  • RT 1421 50 letale Genotypen (Monosomie 14, 21,
    Trisomie 14), ein Drittel normal, ein Sechstel
    Trisomie 21

7
Genetik - fetaler Karyotyp
  • Spontanabort (Simpson et al. 1980)
  • 46 - 65 abnorme Karyotypen
  • autosomale Trisomie (31)
  • Monosomie X (10)
  • Triploidie, Tetraploidie (11)
  • habitueller Abort (Ogasawara et al. 2000)
  • Frequenz abnormer Karyotypen
  • 1300 Fälle, 2-20 Aborte
  • kontinuierliche Abnahme
  • (63,6 2 Ab. - 11,0 89 10-20 Ab.)
  • Indikation Studien, Prognose

8
Genetische Marker
  • Faktor V Leiden (Souza et al. 1999)
  • OR 4.9 (95 CI 1.3-19.7)
  • C677T-MTHFR (Daya et al. 2000)
  • G20210A-Prothrombin (Foka et al. 2000)
  • 15 Arbeiten NOS3, p53, AGT (Tempfer et al.
    2000)
  • Agt - knockout mouse model
  • Frühaborte
  • 121 mendelischer Vererbungsmodus
  • signif. Reduktion -/- (P0.001)

9
Tempfer et al., Fertility and Sterility
200482(1)132-7
  • Epidemiologie
  • n2507, 22 Mutationen
  • 66 mind. 2 relevante mt/mt- Genotypen
  • 9.9 Thrombophilie 12 KHK-Risiko
  • 18 Osteoporose
  • 23 mind. 2 homozygote BC-SNPs

10
Meta-Analyse - 31 Studien, 1975-2002The Lancet
2003361(9361)901-8
  • Faktor V Leiden
  • early recurrent fetal loss (OR 2.01)
  • late recurrent fetal loss (OR 7.83)
  • late non-recurrent fetal loss (OR 3.26)
  • Prothrombin G20210A
  • early recurrent fetal loss (OR 2.56)
  • late non-recurrent fetal loss (OR 2.30)

11
Autoimmunität/Alloimmunität
  • Anti Cardiolipin-Ak Ak gegen Prothrombin, AT
    III, Trophoblast 9-17 - APS
  • AK IRM/Thrombose/IUFT
  • HCG signal transduction (Di Simone et al. 1995,
    1997)
  • trophoblast invasion
  • Diagnose AK-Ak und/oder Lupus Antikoagulans
  • dilute Russels viper venome time (dRVVT)
  • LBR 10 (Rai et al. 1995)
  • Alloimmunität semiallogenes TX
  • asymmetr. glyk. AKs (Eblen et al. 2000)

12
TH1/TH2 - Ratio
  • normale Schwangerschaft ein TH2-Phänomen
    (Rhagupathy et al. 1997)
  • Interleukinproduktion
  • TH1 Interferon-?, TNF-?, IL-1, IL-12
  • TH2 IL-4, IL-6
  • Autoimmun-KH, z.B. SLE, RA
  • HA - Verschiebung der TH1/TH2-Ratio
  • Cortison (Petrovsky et al. 1998)
  • Naturheilmittel (sarei-to)

13
Homocysteine - Neural Tube Defects
  • China 1993 to 1995, NORTH-SOUTH
  • 400µg FA periconcept.
  • NTD 4.8 vs. 1.0/1000 pregn. (North) and 1.0 vs.
    0.6/1000 (South)
  • OR 0.15 95 CI 0.62-0.94
  • OR 0.59 95 CI 0.30-0.64

14
Fetal Effects Sow Model
  • Tremblay et al. 1989
  • 162 sows randomised
  • folic acid (5mg/kg) standard diet
  • reproductive outcome measures
  • number of fetuses increased
  • fetal survival increased

15
Eigene Daten
  • Studie
  • n133, gt 3 miscarr., serum homocysteine, MTHFR
    C677T
  • Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
  • allele frequencies
  • C-allele (wild type) 65.4 vs. 78.4
  • T-allele (mutant) 34.6 vs. 21.6
  • OR 1.9 (95 CI 1.2-3.1)

16
Recurrent Miscarriage II
  • genotype frequencies
  • TT 17.3 vs. 5.4
  • OR 3.7 (95 CI 1.2-11.8)
  • serum homocysteine
  • mean 7.4µmol/L (TTCT) vs. 6.5µmol/L (CC)
  • plt0.05
  • Nelen et al. 2000, meta-analysis
  • Witkin et al. 1995 20 Hyperhomozysteinämie

17
Zervixinsuffizienz
  • Mögliche Ursache wiederh. FG
  • 1950 (Erstbeschreibung Shirodkar VN 1955
    McDonald IA 1957) bis 1990 (Ultraschall)
  • schmerzlose Zervixdilatation
  • Kollagen-SW, mechan. Komponente, Infektionen,
    Nikotin
  • Zervixlänge (Zilianti et al. 1995)
  • 20-28 wks 35mm median 10th percentile 25mm
  • term 30mm median
  • CDC-Statistik 14 000 Diagnosen 1999 (ICD
    634.91) 1/217 Geburten - 1980-1990 - Dän.
    Geburtenregister
  • Cerclage 1/222 (Harger JH 1980 USA), 1/182
    (Kuhn and Pepperell 1977 AUS) 1/1842 (Barter et
    al 1958 USA),1/54 (Toaff et al. 1977 IS)

18
Cerclage-Studien
19
1) Elektive Cerclage
  • 1) Anamnese 2nd trimester loss ohne Bltg.,
    Wehen
  • 2) Zx-Längenverkürzung und/oder funneling gt40
  • 3) aufgebrauchte Zx, sichtbare MM- Dilatation
    /- FB-Prolaps
  • MANAGEMENT

20
Elektive Cerclage - Metaanalyse
21
Elektive Cerclage - Random. Studien
22
1) Elektive Cerclage
  • 4 randomisierte Studien
  • Dor et al. n50 twins n.s.
  • Rush et al. n194 n.s.
  • Lazar et al. n506 n.s.
  • RCOG n1292
  • birth lt33 wks
  • 110/645 (17) vs. 83/647 (13) OR 0.75
    (0.57-0.98)
  • Subgruppenanalyse
  • losses 1, 2, 3
  • einzige sign. Subgruppe 3 losses NNT 7

23
1) Elektive Cerclage - Konsequenz
  • 3 Aborte 2nd trimester
  • laut Protokoll SSW 13-16
  • USlebender Fetus, keine Anomalien
  • 1,2 Aborte keine Cerclage Zx-US-Kontrolle

24
THERAPIE
25
Heparin bei Thrombophilie HA
  • Heparinisierung LMW-Heparin
  • 10 Studien, 1992-2003, 4 Fallserien, 6
    Fallkontrollstudien, Kohortenstudien
  • 1) Fallserien
  • Lebendgeburtrate 89 (40/45) unter Heparin
  • 2) Fallkontroll- u. Kohortenstudien
  • Lebendgeburtrate 82 (181/221) unter Heparin vs.
    20 (95/466)
  • plt0.001
  • OR 17.7 95 KI 12.2-25.5 17.7

26
Heparin bei Thrombophilie HA
  • LIVE-ENOX-Studie
  • LMWH 40mg vs. 80mg n180
  • SSW 5-10 bis 6 Wo p.p.
  • LBR 84, 78 (vs. 28.2, 28.3 prior pregnancy)
  • RCOG Empfehlung
  • Screening, Thromboprophylaxe
  • Cochrane (Di Nisio et al. 2005)
  • 1 RCT ASS kein Effekt vs. Plazebo
  • RR 1.0 (0.78-1.29)
  • 1 RCT Hep vs. ASS erhöht LBR
  • RR 10.0 (1.56-64.2)

27
LMWH oder UFH?
  • low molecular weight heparin vs.
  • unfractionated heparin (Noble et al. 2005)
  • n50 APS ASS (81mg/d) LMWH (Enoxaparin
    40mg/d) vs. UFH (5000-6000 Gewicht IU 2xtgl.)
  • Präkonzeptionell SSW 37
  • LBR 21/25 84 vs. 20/25 80
  • Aborte 4/20 vs. 5/20
  • No major bleeding, thrombocytopenia

28
Cortison/Aspirin - Therapie
  • Aspirin 7. Monat
  • ThromboASS 100 mg 1x1 tgl.
  • Cortison 12. SSW
  • Prednison 5 mg 1x4 tgl.
  • Laskin et al. 2000 n202 RCT 2 Aborte höhere
    LGR NWs
  • Reznikoff-Etiévant et al. 1999 n670 LGR 89
  • Cortison beeinflußt TH1/TH2 - Ratio
  • (Petrovsky et al. 1998)

29
  • matched-pair design 2001-2004 HA
  • n210 80 eligible IRM präkonzeptionell 52
    pregnant 52 controls
  • live births
  • 77 (40/52) vs. 35 (18/52) p0.04
  • 1st trimester abortion
  • 19 (10/52) vs. 63 (33/52) p0.09
  • no difference
  • birth weight, gestational age, premature birth
    (n2 3)
  • M. Cushing (n0), IUGR (n0)
  • 3 stopped treatment (nausea, depression,
    tachycardia)

30
IVIG RCTs
  • 6 RCTs
  • Daya 1998 Metaanalyse 4 RCTs no difference (OR
    1.48 95 CI 0.84-2.60)
  • Jablonowska 1999 n41 no difference
  • Stephenson 1998 n62 no difference
  • ACOG, RCOG keine Empfehlung

31
Immunotherapy RCTs
  • Cochrane Analyse (Scott-JR 2003)
  • paternal cell immunisation
  • 11 trials, 596 women, OR 1.05, 95 CI 0.75 to
    1.47
  • third party donor cell immunization
  • 3 trials, 156 women, OR 1.39, 95 CI 0.68 to 2.82
  • trophoblast membrane infusion
  • 1 trial, 37 women, OR 0.40, 95 CI 0.11 to 1.45

32
Progesterone - RCTs
  • no effect in sporadic abortion
  • 14 RCTs n1988 OR 1.05, 95 CI 0.83 to 1.34 for
    risk of miscarriage (Oates-Whitehead 2003)
  • effective in recurrent abortion
  • 3 RCTs OR 0.39, 95 CI 0.17 to 0.91
    (Oates-Whitehead 2003)
  • Daya 1989, meta-analysis 3 RCTs
  • Recurrent abortion LPD
  • OR for gt20 weeks gestation 3.09 (95 CI 1.28 to
    7.42)
  • El-Zibdeh 2005
  • n180 IRM offene RCT Dydrogesteron 10mg/d p.o.
    vs. hCG vs. no treatment
  • Abortrate 13.4 (D) vs. 29 (no treatment)
    plt0.05

33
APS - RCTs
  • APS 9-17
  • Def. Antikardiolipin-Ak /oder Lupus
    Antikoagulans HA / Thrombose /
    Autoimmunthromozytopenie
  • Aspirin Heparin
  • 2 offene RCTs, 1 RCT (Kutteh 1996 Rai 1997
    Triolo 2003)
  • signifikant geringere Rate an Aborten, höhere
    Lebendgeburtrate (84 vs. 57)

34
Zusammenfassung
  • Ätiologie/Assoziationen
  • genital infections (Witkin et al. 1992)
  • mat./pat. translocations (Husslein et al. 1982)
  • autoimmune disorders (Kutteh et al. 1996)
  • alloimmune dysfunction (Medawar et al. 1998)
  • genetic markers (Souza et al. 1997)
  • hyperhomocysteinemia (Nelen et al. 2000)
  • uterine anomalies (Tho et al. 1979)
  • luteal phase defect (LPD) (Daya et al. 1989)
  • hyperprolactinemia (Kutteh et al. 1999)
  • hyperandrogenemia (Okon et al. 1998)

35
Evidence Levels
  • RCOG
  • Ia meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
  • Ib at least 1 RCT
  • IIa controlled study without randomisation
  • IIb quasi-experimental study
  • III non-experimental study descriptive,
    comparative studies, case series
  • IV non-clinical studies
  • V expert opinion, clinical experience

36
Zusammenfassung
  • Therapie
  • APS heparin/aspirin.level Ib
  • IRM Progesteron (Studie).level Ia
  • Thrombophilia heparin..level Ib/IIa
  • IRM Cortison/Progesteron/Folat/Aspirin präkonz.
    (Studie)level IIa
  • Septum Dissektionlevel III
  • Cerclage.level Ib
  • IRM IVIG, Immunoth..neg. Ia
  • mat./pat. Chromosomenanomalie PID, Eizellspende
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