Title: Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
1Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
2Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
3Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- One gene, one polypeptide
4Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- One gene, one polypeptide
- A few genes have RNA
- as their final product.
5Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
6Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
7Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
8Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- Translation
- mRNA ? polypeptide
9Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
10Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- Codon
- A three-letter word in the DNA alphabet (A, T,
G, C) that spells the name of a specific amino
acid.
11Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
12Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- Anticodon
- The complement to a codon.
- If the codon is ATG (or AUG), the anticodon is
TAC (or UAC).
13Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- AT
- TA
- TA
- GC
- AT
- CG
- GC
- GC
14Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A
- G C
- A T
- C G
- G C
- GC
15Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A
- G C anticodon
- A T
- C G
- G C
- GC
16Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T AU
- G CG
- A TA
- C G
- G C
- GC
17Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A U
- G C G
- A T A
- C G
- G C
- GC
18Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A U
- G C G
- A T A
- C G
- G C
- GC
19Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A U
- G C G codon
- A T A
- C G
- G C
- GC
20Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A U
A - G C G
C - A T A
U - C G
- G C
- GC
cystine
21Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A U
A - G C G
C - A T A
U - C G anticodon
- G C
- GC
cystine
22Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A U A
- G C G C
- A T A U
- C G
- G C
- GC
cystine
23Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- DNA mRNA tRNA
- GC
- A T
- T A
- T A UA
- G C GC
- A T AU
- C G
- G C
- GC
cystine
24Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
25Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
- Anticodon wobble
- Some anticodons in tRNA
- are not completely specific.
26Transcription
promoter gene
27Transcription
promoter gene
28Transcription
- RNA polymerase
- The enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA
template.
RNA polymerase
promoter gene
29Transcription
RNA polymerase
promoter gene
30Transcription
- Promoter
- Specific DNA sequence that marks the beginning of
the gene.
RNA polymerase
promoter gene
31Transcription
RNA polymerase
promoter gene
32Transcription
- Transcription factor
- Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
promoter.
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
33Transcription
- Transcription factor
- Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
promoter.
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
34Transcription
- Transcription factor
- Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
promoter.
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
35Transcription
- Transcription factor
- Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
promoter.
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
36Transcription
- Transcription factor
- Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
promoter.
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
37Transcription
- Transcription factor
- Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
promoter.
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
38Transcription
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
39Transcription
- Initiation
- RNA polymerase binds to promoter
- DNA unwinds
- Synthesis begins
RNA -
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
40Transcription
- Elongation
- RNA polymerase binds to promoter
- DNA unwinds
- Synthesis begins
RNA ----
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
41Transcription
- Elongation
- Polymerase moves 3?5 on DNA
- DNA unwinds
- RNA is made 5?3
RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
42Transcription
- Elongation
- Polymerase moves 3?5 on DNA
- DNA unwinds
- RNA is made 5?3
RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
43Transcription
RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
44Transcription
- Termination
- RNA transcript is released
- Polymerase detaches from DNA
RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
45Transcription
- Termination
- RNA transcript is released
- Polymerase detaches from DNA
RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
46Transcription
RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene
47RNA Processing
RNA ------
48RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5hemomyoblahglobblahin3
49RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) 5 cap 3 poly(A)
tail
5hemomyoblahglobblahin3
50RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) 5 cap 3 poly(A)
tail
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
51RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
52RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
5hemomyoblahglobblahin3AAAAAAA
53RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemomyoglobblinAAAAAAA3
54RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemoglobinAAAAAAA3
55RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemoglobinAAAAAAA3 hemoglobin
56Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
Alternate processing
57Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
5hemomyoblahglobblahin3AAAAAAA
Alternate processing
58Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5hemyobhglobbhinAAAAAAA3
Alternate processing
59Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5myoglobinAAAAAAA3
Alternate processing
60Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5myoglobinAAAAAAA3 myoglobin
Alternate processing
61RNA Processing
62RNA Processing
- Introns
- Noncoding regions of RNA.
- Exons
- Coding regions of RNA.
63RNA Processing
- Introns
- Noncoding regions of RNA.
- (They intrude.)
- Exons
- Coding regions of RNA.
- (Theyre expressed.)
64RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
65RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
66RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
67RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
68RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
69RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
- (snRNPs)
70RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
- (snRNPs)
- make up splicosomes
71RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
- (snRNPs)
- make up splicosomes
- which are enzymes
72RNA Processing
- small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
- (snRNPs)
- make up splicosomes
- which are enzymes
- that remove introns.
73Translation
74Translation
75Translation
- Ribosomes
- Made of RNA and protein
- Two subunits
- Two sites (A P) for tRNA binding
- One site (E) for tRNA release.
76Translation
77Translation
78Translation
- Signal peptides
- Bind to signal recognition particles.
- SRPs carry new polypeptides to specific
locations.
79Translation
80Translation
- Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
- Translation
- can happen
- at the same
- time as trans-
- cription
81Translation
- Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
- Translation Translation
- can happen happens after
- at the same processing.
- time as trans- --introns
- cription. --5 cap
- --poly-A tail.
82Mutations
83Mutations
84Mutations
- The cat ate the rat
- Point mutations
85Mutations
- The cat ate the rat
- Point mutations
- The cat ate the bat
86Mutations
- The cat ate the rat
- Point mutations
- The cat ate the bat
- Frame shift mutations
87Mutations
- The cat ate the rat
- Point mutations
- The cat ate the bat
- Frame shift mutations
- The cat tet her atP
88Transcription (Review)
- RNA polymerase
- Enzyme that makes RNA
- Promoter
- marks beginning of gene
- Transcription factor
- helps polymerase find promoter.
89Transcription (Review)
- Initiation
- polymerase binds, DNA unwinds
- Elongation
- 3?5 on DNA, 3?5
- Termination
- primary transcript is released.
90Transcription (Review)
- 5 cap
- Poly-A tail
- Splicosomes remove introns
- Alternate RNA processing.
91Translation (Review)
- Ribosomes
- Two subunits
- A, P, E sites
- Signal recognition particles.
.