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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

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Title: Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein


1
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
2
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • One gene, one protein

3
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • One gene, one polypeptide

4
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • One gene, one polypeptide
  • A few genes have RNA
  • as their final product.

5
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Transcription

6
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Transcription
  • DNA ? mRNA

7
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Translation

8
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Translation
  • mRNA ? polypeptide

9
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Codon

10
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Codon
  • A three-letter word in the DNA alphabet (A, T,
    G, C) that spells the name of a specific amino
    acid.

11
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Anticodon

12
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Anticodon
  • The complement to a codon.
  • If the codon is ATG (or AUG), the anticodon is
    TAC (or UAC).

13
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • AT
  • TA
  • TA
  • GC
  • AT
  • CG
  • GC
  • GC

14
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A
  • G C
  • A T
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

15
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A
  • G C anticodon
  • A T
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

16
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T AU
  • G CG
  • A TA
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

17
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A U
  • G C G
  • A T A
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

18
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A U
  • G C G
  • A T A
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

19
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A U
  • G C G codon
  • A T A
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

20
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A U
    A
  • G C G
    C
  • A T A
    U
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

cystine
21
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A U
    A
  • G C G
    C
  • A T A
    U
  • C G anticodon
  • G C
  • GC

cystine
22
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A U A
  • G C G C
  • A T A U
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

cystine
23
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • DNA mRNA tRNA
  • GC
  • A T
  • T A
  • T A UA
  • G C GC
  • A T AU
  • C G
  • G C
  • GC

cystine
24
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Anticodon wobble

25
Chapter 17From Gene to Protein
  • Anticodon wobble
  • Some anticodons in tRNA
  • are not completely specific.

26
Transcription
promoter gene

27
Transcription
  • RNA polymerase

promoter gene

28
Transcription
  • RNA polymerase
  • The enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA
    template.

RNA polymerase
promoter gene

29
Transcription
  • Promoter

RNA polymerase
promoter gene

30
Transcription
  • Promoter
  • Specific DNA sequence that marks the beginning of
    the gene.

RNA polymerase
promoter gene

31
Transcription
  • Transcription factor

RNA polymerase
promoter gene

32
Transcription
  • Transcription factor
  • Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
    promoter.

RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

33
Transcription
  • Transcription factor
  • Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
    promoter.

RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

34
Transcription
  • Transcription factor
  • Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
    promoter.

RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

35
Transcription
  • Transcription factor
  • Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
    promoter.

RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

36
Transcription
  • Transcription factor
  • Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
    promoter.

RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

37
Transcription
  • Transcription factor
  • Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize the
    promoter.

RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

38
Transcription
  • Initiation

RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

39
Transcription
  • Initiation
  • RNA polymerase binds to promoter
  • DNA unwinds
  • Synthesis begins

RNA -
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

40
Transcription
  • Elongation
  • RNA polymerase binds to promoter
  • DNA unwinds
  • Synthesis begins

RNA ----
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

41
Transcription
  • Elongation
  • Polymerase moves 3?5 on DNA
  • DNA unwinds
  • RNA is made 5?3

RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

42
Transcription
  • Elongation
  • Polymerase moves 3?5 on DNA
  • DNA unwinds
  • RNA is made 5?3

RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

43
Transcription
  • Termination

RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

44
Transcription
  • Termination
  • RNA transcript is released
  • Polymerase detaches from DNA

RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

45
Transcription
  • Termination
  • RNA transcript is released
  • Polymerase detaches from DNA

RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

46
Transcription
RNA ------
RNA polymerase transcription factor
promoter gene

47
RNA Processing
RNA ------
48
RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5hemomyoblahglobblahin3
49
RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) 5 cap 3 poly(A)
tail
5hemomyoblahglobblahin3
50
RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) 5 cap 3 poly(A)
tail
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
51
RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
52
RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
5hemomyoblahglobblahin3AAAAAAA
53
RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemomyoglobblinAAAAAAA3
54
RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemoglobinAAAAAAA3
55
RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Removal of
introns
5hemoglobinAAAAAAA3 hemoglobin
56
Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
Alternate processing
57
Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5hemomyoblahglobblahinAAAAAAA3
5hemomyoblahglobblahin3AAAAAAA
Alternate processing
58
Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5hemyobhglobbhinAAAAAAA3
Alternate processing
59
Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5myoglobinAAAAAAA3
Alternate processing
60
Alternate RNA Processing
RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)
5myoglobinAAAAAAA3 myoglobin
Alternate processing
61
RNA Processing
  • Introns
  • Exons

62
RNA Processing
  • Introns
  • Noncoding regions of RNA.
  • Exons
  • Coding regions of RNA.

63
RNA Processing
  • Introns
  • Noncoding regions of RNA.
  • (They intrude.)
  • Exons
  • Coding regions of RNA.
  • (Theyre expressed.)

64
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

65
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

66
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

67
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

68
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

69
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
  • (snRNPs)

70
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
  • (snRNPs)
  • make up splicosomes

71
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
  • (snRNPs)
  • make up splicosomes
  • which are enzymes

72
RNA Processing
  • small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
  • (snRNPs)
  • make up splicosomes
  • which are enzymes
  • that remove introns.

73
Translation
74
Translation
  • Ribosomes

75
Translation
  • Ribosomes
  • Made of RNA and protein
  • Two subunits
  • Two sites (A P) for tRNA binding
  • One site (E) for tRNA release.

76
Translation
77
Translation
  • Signal peptides

78
Translation
  • Signal peptides
  • Bind to signal recognition particles.
  • SRPs carry new polypeptides to specific
    locations.

79
Translation
  • Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

80
Translation
  • Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
  • Translation
  • can happen
  • at the same
  • time as trans-
  • cription

81
Translation
  • Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
  • Translation Translation
  • can happen happens after
  • at the same processing.
  • time as trans- --introns
  • cription. --5 cap
  • --poly-A tail.

82
Mutations
83
Mutations
  • The cat ate the rat

84
Mutations
  • The cat ate the rat
  • Point mutations

85
Mutations
  • The cat ate the rat
  • Point mutations
  • The cat ate the bat

86
Mutations
  • The cat ate the rat
  • Point mutations
  • The cat ate the bat
  • Frame shift mutations

87
Mutations
  • The cat ate the rat
  • Point mutations
  • The cat ate the bat
  • Frame shift mutations
  • The cat tet her atP

88
Transcription (Review)
  • RNA polymerase
  • Enzyme that makes RNA
  • Promoter
  • marks beginning of gene
  • Transcription factor
  • helps polymerase find promoter.

89
Transcription (Review)
  • Initiation
  • polymerase binds, DNA unwinds
  • Elongation
  • 3?5 on DNA, 3?5
  • Termination
  • primary transcript is released.

90
Transcription (Review)
  • 5 cap
  • Poly-A tail
  • Splicosomes remove introns
  • Alternate RNA processing.

91
Translation (Review)
  • Ribosomes
  • Two subunits
  • A, P, E sites
  • Signal recognition particles.

.
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