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Advanced C1 C2
Joining
Grammar Forces
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Unit 10 Presentation 1

• What are the Moods of a verb in Grammar?

A verbs mood is like a persons. In short, a
mood is a form of the verb that shows how the
speaker/ writer feels about what s/he says/
writes.

• How many moods survive in English?

3 the Indicative, the Imperative the
Subjunctive
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How is the Indicative formed/ used?

• Its the normal form of the verb tenses and its
  used to state facts.
• e.g. He took over as the departments head six
  months ago. Shes graduating at the end of May.

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How is the Imperative used?

• Its used to give orders, commands, instructions,
  warnings advice, or to make requests.

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Imperative formation

• Positive Bare Infinitive ( accusative pronoun/
  object)
• Negative Do not (dont) bare infinitive (for
  all verbs, including be)
• Other Persons Positive Let accusative
  pronoun/ object bare infinitive
• Other Persons Negative Do not (Dont) let
  acc. pron./ object bare infinitive
• With prompting JUST Emphasis (Emphatic
  Imperative with do in positive See Un. 11)

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How is the Subjunctive used where is it often
found?

• Its used for non-fact. Its often found in
  conditions, preferences, wishes, desires,
  demands, suggestions, regrets and decisions,
  while it can also express surprise, agreement,
  insistence and intention.

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How is the Subjunctive formed?

• In many different ways in English, namely with
  the Infinitive the Gerund (See Un. 8), the
  Modal Verbs (the word modal is an adjective
  derived from mood) (See Un. 9 3.D here) and
  the Unreal use of certain tenses, which we will
  analyse here.

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Subjunctive (Unreal) TensesPresentation 2
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• 3.A)
• a) SIMPLE PAST FORM for PRESENT/ FUTURE
• e.g. I wish I knew what to say (but I dont! ?
  reference to present time but unreal)
• b) PAST CONTINUOUS FORM for PRESENT/
• FUTURE
• e.g. If you were talking to him instead of me
  right now, youd be able to register his
  reactions (but you are not! ? reference to
  present time in progress but unreal)

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• 3.A)
• c) SIMPLE PAST PERFECT FORM for NEAR PAST
• e.g. I wish I had found out about this scam
  sooner (but I didnt! ? reference to past time
  but unreal)
• d) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM for NEAR
• PAST
• e.g. I wish I had been studying harder while
  still at school (but I wasnt! ? reference to
  unreal past time, in progress for a certain
  amount of time)

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• 3.A)
• e) CONDITIONAL FUTURE (would infinitive
• forms) for HYPOTHETICAL PAST/ PRESENT/
• FUTURE (depending on infinitive form used and/
  or time markers)
• e.g. You would know about it if Mark was in town
  already (but you dont, so he probably isnt! ?
  reference to hypothetical present time)

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Notes on the Subjunctive

• 1) The unreal past of the verb be can be were
  for all persons
• e.g. I wish he were here with us. If I were
  you, Id talk to him about it.
• 2) The conditional future as the indicative
  future can be formed with other modal verbs
  besides would (i.e. could OR might)
• e.g. She might/ could have been arrested if she
  had been seen lurking there.

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• 3.B) SUBJUNCTIVE (UNREAL) TENSE USES
• AA) IN CONDITIONALS (See Un. 6)
• BB) IN WISHES
• CC) IN MANNER CLAUSES (with as if/ though for
  non-fact) (See Un. 6)
• DD) WITH would rather IN CHANGE-OF-PERSON
  CONSTRUCTIONS (See also Un. 8Bare Infinitive)
• EE) IN THE PHRASE Its (high/ about) time
  (UNREAL PAST TENSES ONLY!)

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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• AA) CONDITIONALS
• Introduced by if, unless, provided/-ing (that),
  so long as, on condition (that), in case (that),
  suppose/-ing (that)
• 4 Basic Forms
• I) Zero Condition If present present
• II) Type 1 If present future
• III) Type 2 If past conditional
  future
• IV) Type 3 If past perfect would
  perfect
• infinitive

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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• AA) CONDITIONALS VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS
• a) Type 1 Extension Any combination of tenses as
  long as they are used with their indicative-fact
  capacity.
• RESTRICTIONS No future tenses in the if clause
  no conditional future in the main clause.
• NB. This variation can be extended to zero
  condition as well.

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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• AA) CONDITIONALS VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS
• b) Mixed Types 2 3
• 2nd-type if clause 3rd-type main clause if
  sth were(nt) generally true which is(nt), it
  would(nt) have had a certain result in the past
• 3rd-type if clause 2nd-type main clause if
  sth had(nt) been true in the past which
  was(nt), it would(nt) have a certain result
  now, i.e.

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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• AA) CONDITIONALS VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS
• b) Mixed Types 2 3
• e.g. NORMAL TYPE 2
• If I had the money, I wouldnt beg.
• NORMAL TYPE 3
• If I had won that lottery, I would have bought
  that flashy sports car.

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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• AA) CONDITIONALSSPECIAL CASES-EMPHATIC FORMS
• c) i) With should for Type 1 Emphasis
  Inversion
• ii) With were/ were to for Type 2 - Emphasis
  Inversion
• iii) Emphatic Inversion only for Type 3
• iv) With but for in place of the 2nd or 3rd
  type if-clause

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Notes on Conditionals

• 1) If, provided/-ing (that), so long as on
  condition (that) have the same structure. Unless
  is their opposite, while suppose/ -ing (that)
  mainly has a distinctive interrogative main
  clause.
• The conditional link in case (that) may have the
  same constructions as the purpose link (See Un. 6
  Adverb Clauses, case 7) but different meanings.
  
• 2) We only use if in the basic forms to save
  space.

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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• BB) WISHES
• Introduced by I/ you wish OR If only sb
  expressing the desire for things to be different.
• 3 Basic Forms
• - Wish Unreal Past (present)
• - Wish Unreal Past Perfect (past)
• - Wish would/ could infinitive (future)

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Notes on Wishes

• 1) would is not used with I we. Only could.
• 2) The wish would (not) form can also be used
  to express displeasure, complaint or annoyance.
• 3) Could inf. may not always be referring to a
  future wish. It might be used as the past tense
  of can for ability (See Un. 9). In this case, it
  corresponds to wish past ? present reference
  OR, if found in the form could perfect inf., to
  wish perfect ? past reference.

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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• CC) MANNER CLAUSES
• Introduced by as if, as though (but are here
  used for non-fact).
• 2 Basic Forms
• - sb sounds/ looks/ acts/ as if OR as though
  sb past tenses ? unreal statement about the
  present/ future
• - sb sounds/ looks/ acts/ as if OR as though
  sb past perfect tenses ? unreal statement about
  the past

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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• DD) DEFECTIVE STRUCTURES WOULD RATHER/ HAD
  BETTER

SAME PERSON SAME PERSON
I/You had better/ would rather bare infinitive (present/ future)
I/You had better/ would rather perfect infinitive (past)
PERSON CHANGE (would rather only) PERSON CHANGE (would rather only)
I/You would rather sb else unreal past (present/ future)
I/You would rather sb else unreal past perfect (past)
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• 3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
• EE) PHRASE ITS TIME
• 1 Basic Form
• Its time sb (unreal) past tenses ?
  present/ future
• This construction is only possible with the
  unreal past tenses, NOT the unreal past perfect
  ones, even when the phrase was said in the past.
• Its emphatic alternatives its high time/ its
  about time are mostly spoken and informal and
  show impatience, irritation or relief.

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• 3.D)THE SUBJUNCTIVE USE OF SHOULD
• We know that should can commonly be used in
  formal that-clauses to replace an infinitive or
  gerund, in both change-of-person and same-person
  constructions.
• FORM Verb/Expression of demand/ opinion/
  suggestion/ etc (that) sb (should) inf.