History of Psychology

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History of Psychology
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Started as Philosophy

• Socrates Plato
• Mind and Body are Separate
• Knowledge is inborn
• Aristotle
• Mind Body are One
• Knowledge grows from experiences memories

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Philosophical Developments

• A Question How are mind and body
  related?

BIG

• René Descartes (15961650) -Interactive Dualism
• The mind and body are separate but interact
  (fluids through the nerves) to produce conscious
  experience of sensations emotions

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Heading Towards a Science

• Francis Bacon John Locke
• Both focus on how the mind is shaped by
  experience

• Led to EMPIRICISM What we know comes from
  experience, therefore science should rely on
  observation experimentation.

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Physiology Influence

• Study of functions parts of humans
• By 1600s began to focus on brain
• Began to develop explanations for the functioning
  of the senses.
• Becomes foundation for psychology as a science

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Psychology as Science is Born!
Psychology The Science
December 1879
Wilhelm Wundt
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What is Psychology?

• The science of behavior and mental processes
• Behavior - observable actions of a person or
  animal
• Mental Processes - feelings, sensations,
  perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other
  subjective experiences
• Science - an objective way to answer questions
  based on observable facts/data and well-described
  methods
• Separated from philosophy in 19th century
• influences from physiology remain

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• Wilhelm Wundt
• Leipzig, Germany
• The father of psychology
• Founder of modern psychology
• Opened the first psychology lab in 1879
• applied laboratory techniques to study of the
  mind/consciousness
• Wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology
  connecting physiology to psychology

Whos Your Daddy?
Wilhelm Wundt (18321920)
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E.B. Titchener

• Wundts student,
• Professor at Cornell University
• Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of
  the parts of consciousness
• Founder of structuralism

E. B. Titchener (18671927)
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Structuralism

• Studied the basic elements (structures) of
  thoughts and sensations (consciousness).
• Felt consciousness could be broken into 3 parts
• physical sensations
• feelings
• images
• Introspection subject would view an object and
  try to reconstruct their sensations feelings
  they felt while viewing it.
• Not scientific too subjective, not repeatable,
  not able to be used for studying all topics
  (learning, development, mental disorders).

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William James

• First American psychologist
• Started psychology at Harvard in 1870s
• Opposed Wundt and Titcheners approach
• Author of the first psychology textbook
  (Principles of Psychology - 1,400 pages!)
• Founder of Functionalism
• functionalism influenced by Darwin to focus on
  how behaviors help us adapt to the environment

William James (18421910)
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Functionalism

• Emphasized studying the function of consciousness
  and how consciousness helped people adapt to
  their environment
• Wanted to understand how mind and consciousness
  worked
• Used naturalistic observation
• Viewed consciousness as a stream of constantly
  changing states .

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DAILY

• DOUBLE

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Explain the difference between Structuralism
Functionalism.

• Structuralism basic parts of a persons
  thoughts and feelings. Focus on basic senses
  perception.
• Functionalism how our consciousness helps us to
  function or adapt to our environment.

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William James Students

• G. Stanley Hall
• First Ph.D. in psych
• Started first U.S. psych lab
• Started the American Psychological Association.
• Mary Whiton Calkins
• First woman to complete Ph.D. program but Harvard
  didnt give her a degree!
• Became first woman president of the APA in 1905
• Margaret Floy Washburn
• First official Ph.D. in psychology
• Studied different animal species
• 2nd female president of APA

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John B. Watson

• Founder of Behaviorism
• Studied only observable and objectively described
  acts
• Emphasized objective and scientific methodology
• Performed the Little Albert Classical
  Conditioning Study on Fear

John B. Watson (18781958)
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B.F. Skinner

• Behaviorist
• American psychologist at Harvard
• Focused on learning through rewards and
  observation
• Studied learning and effect of reinforcement
  punishment (Operant Conditioning)

B. F. Skinner (19041990)
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

• Behaviorist
• Russian Physiologist
• Studied learning through associations (classical
  conditioning) in dogs
• Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

Santa?
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• Austrian physician that focused on illness
• Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
• Believed that abnormal behavior originated from
  unconscious drives and conflicts that were
  aggressive and sexual in nature.

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Freuds Influence

• Influence on pop culture
• Freudian slips
• Anal-retentive
• Influence on psychology
• Psychodynamic theory
• Unconscious thoughts
• Significance of childhood experiences

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Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow(1902-1987)
(1908-1970)

• Helped to create Humanistic Psychology
• Stressed the study of conscious experience and an
  individuals free will to reach their potential
• Healthy individuals strive to reach their
  potential (self-actualized).

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Wolfgang Kohler

• Created Gestalt Psychology
• The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
• Integrate pieces of information into meaningful
  wholes.

Wolfgang Kohler (1865-1965)
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What do you see?

• You See the whole picture first rather than the
  individual dots that make it up. Gestalt
  Psychology
• Scene from Ferris Bueller (start at 105)

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Cognitive Neuroscience

• Combines the biological and cognitive schools of
  thought in psychology
• Study of the Brain and how it works when we
  perceive, think, remember and use language.