Biochemistry Chapter 2

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BiochemistryChapter 2
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ATOMS

• the smallest unit of an element.

Inside the Nucleus Protons- Positive
Charge Neutrons No Charge Surrounding the
Nucleus Electrons Negative Charge
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MOLECULE

• A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join
  together chemically.
• EX O2 (Oxygen Gas)

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COMPOUNDS

• A compound is a molecule that contains at least
  two different elements.
• All compounds are molecules but not all molecules
  are compounds.
• EX H20 (Water)

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Chemical Reactions

• Energy is absorbed or released, supplying energy
  for the organism.
• When one or more substances is changed into a new
  substance by breaking and forming new bonds.
• Ex. 2 H2 O2 2 H2O

(Reactants)
(Products)
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Homeostasis

• The body must stay in balance
• Enzymes help maintain homeostasis
• EX Temp, PH, Water Conc.

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Acids, Bases and pH

• Acids lose Hydrogen H in water
• Ex Orange juice ,vinegar and lemons
• 0-6.99
• Bases loses Oxygen and Hydrogen in water OH-
• 7.01-14
• Ex Soap, egg whites and baking soda
• pH Concentration of Hydrogen in solution, scale
  of 0-14

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MACROMOLECULES

• Monomer ? simple building block

Polymer ? large complex molecule made of many
monomers
Polymers are made from monomers
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4 main polymers found in living things (YOU ARE
WHAT YOU EAT)

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Phospholipids
• Nucleic Acid
• DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA Ribonucleic Acid
• Proteins
• Amino Acids
• Enzymes

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Carbohydrates

• Group of chemicals that includes sugars, starch
  and cellulose.
• Used for short term energy storage
• Simple sugars are the easiest substance for your
  body to breakdown.
• Stored as Glycogen, in muscles if not used quickly

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Carbohydrates

• 3 Types

• Monosaccharide (one sugar)
• Disaccharide (two sugars)
• Polysaccharide (many sugars)
• Ex Plant starch or animal glycogen

• Consist of C, H, and O in a 121 ratio

Example Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6)
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Monosaccharides

• one monomer of sugar
• simplest carbohydrate

Example Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6)
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Disaccharides

• Two Monosaccharides covalently bonded

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Polysaccharides
Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers
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Lipids

• Fats, Oils, Waxes, Phospholipids, and Steroids.
• Used for long term energy storage
• Waxes act as a water repellant
• Keep leaves from drying out
• Make ducks feathers waterproof
• Fats act as an insulator

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Fats
Saturated fats
No double bonds Found in animal products Solid at
room temp
Unsaturated fats
Contain one or more double bonds Found in plant
products Liquid at room temp
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Phospholipids

• Lipid that forms membrane of the cell
• Helps control movement in and out of the cell

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Steroids

• Lipids with no fatty acids
• Made up of 4 carbon rings
• EX Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen

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Nucleic Acids
Large molecules that contain hereditary
information Examples DNA, RNA
Chemical Make-up Phosphate PO4 Sugar C5H10O5
Nitrogen base C5H5N5
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Proteins

• Large complex molecules composed of smaller units
  called Amino Acids ( AA)
• Made from combinations of 20 different AA
• Different Amino Acid combinations produce
  different Proteins.
• Enzymes are a form of protein that help control
  chemical reactions.

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Enzymes
Proteins that act as catalysts ,Speed up rate of
reaction, by making atoms move faster
Substrate
Any Substance that the enzyme works on
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How Enzymes Work

• Enzymes substrates fit together like a Lock
  Key

1) Enzymes attach to substrate (whatever it is
working on) 2) Chemical bonds are formed or
broken in the substrate 3) Products of substrate
are released 4) Enzyme goes back and grabs
another substrate, and continues this process
until the subtarte is all broken down
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Enzymes Facts

• End in ase
• Work with only certain substrates
• Lactase breaks down Lactose
• does not get used up
• Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
  (Energy needed to make reaction happen)

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• Enzymes can be destroyed OR Denatured by high
  temperatures
• The high temperatures change the shape of the
  enzyme
• Why high fevers can kill us
• Cooking veggies is bad because
• we lose good enzymes
• Other factors that effect enzymes
• pH
• Substrate Concentration
• Enzyme Concentration