The Road To Statehood

1
The Road To Statehood

• Chapter 3

2
Terms to Know

• Mound-builders Maize
• Clan Exogamy
• Polygamy Treaty
• Northwest Ordinance Sectionalism
• Constitution

3
People

• Hernando de Soto Rene Robert
  Cavelier
• Sieur de La Salle
  Henry de Tonti
• Pierre le Moyne
  Sieur deIberville
• Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur
  dBienville
• Winthrop Sargent David
  Holmes

4
Places

• Rosedale
• Fort Maurepas
• Fort Rosalie
• Natchez District
• Natchez Trace
• Washington

5
Early Mississippians

• Native Americans reached this part of North
  America tens of thousands of years ago.
• They hunted wild animals, foraged for food, and
  raised crops
• The Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Natchez were
  descendants of those early Native Americans.
• These were the largest tribes in the Mississippi
  region when Europeans and Africans began to
  arrive.
• Places like Yazoo and Biloxi are derived from
  Indian tribe names.

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First Europeans

• The Spanish and the French were the first to
  explore Mississippi.
• Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River
  but died while searching for treasure.
• The French travelled the river trading furs and
  proselytizing.

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Settlement

• The French settled Natchez, beside the
  Mississippi River.
• Later the British, Spanish and Americans shared
  this region with the Choctaw.
• In 1798 the U.S. created the Ms Territory to
  encourage the orderly settlement of this part of
  the frontier

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Early Native Americans

• How did they get here?

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History of early Native Americans is divided into
four periods
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Paleo Period

• Ice Age Period ended around 12,000 years ago
• Archeologists have found few traces of Paleo
  Indians in Mississippi

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Archaic Period

• The climate became warmer and drier
• Large animals died out
• Native Americans became less nomadic
• They hunted, fished and gathered nuts and berries
• No writing system
• Used stone tools

12
Woodland Period

• Developed highly organized societies in the
  Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
• Built burial mounds over tombs sometimes shaping
  them like birds and animals (Moundbuilders)
• Learned how to farm and used copper and stone
  tools.
• Villages became larger and politically linked.
• Began using bow and arrow

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Mississippian Period
14
Mississippian Period

• Continued moundbuilding tradition however,
  instead of burial mounds, they built religious
  buildings and the homes of the chiefs on top of
  their flat, rectangular mounds
• The second largest mound in the U.S. is located
  in Natchez
• In some cases, like Natchez, mounds were built in
  stages and some were multiple mounds. One was the
  base for a temple where elders bones were buried
• Built villages surrounded by wooden fences.
• Grew corn, squash, beans

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Mounbuilders
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Native American Societies

• Most were very small societies (Choula,
  Pascagoula, Tunica, and Biloxi)
• The largest were the Chickasaw, Choctaw and
  Natchez
• All Mississippi Native American languages were
  similar to others in the southeast EXCEPT for the
  Biloxi
• Most southeastern Native American tribes shared
  similar religious beliefs.
• Each village governed itself and sent
  representatives to the tribal councils.

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Native American Societies (cont)

• The Choctaw (18th Century) had a main chief and
  six lesser chiefs. They also had the Mingo Oumu
  (War Chief) and the Tichou Mingo (Spokesperson)
• Within each village resided several clans (Groups
  of related families)
• These clans punished crimes and protected members
  of the clan
• The clan approved marriages which ALWAYS crossed
  clan lines. (Marrying outside ones own clan is
  called Exogamy)

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Native American Society (cont)

• Men held the important political and religious
  positions in the society
• Occasionally, a man had more than one wife
  (Polygamy) and the two wives were usually
  sisters.
• They built close to rivers and streams because it
  was easier to farm and irrigate.
• Women did most of the farming, although the men
  cleared the land.

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Native American Society (cont)

• Women made pottery, gathered food, farmed,
  fished, and tanned hides
• Men constructed buildings, hunted deer and bear,
  and fought other tribes.
• Religion centered on the sun and sacred fires
  which represented the sun on Earth.
• They believed in spirits and gods associated with
  nature and animals.

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Native American Wide World of Sports

• Their sport was stickball. It was associated with
  religion also. It was called Ishtohbohl and
  accompanied by ceremonies and sometimes ritual
  sacrifice (Maya and Aztec)
• Ishtohbohl was always a contest between villages.
  
• The object was to throw or carry a ball between
  two goal posts. (Remind you of anything?
• The ball could only be touched by rackets.
• Virtually the only rule was that each team had to
  have the same number of players.
• They also played Chunky with a round stone.

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Native American Rulers

• The Natchez lived between Warren and Wilkinson.
• Their ruler was known as the Great Sun.
• Had both political and religious authority.
• He rode around in a litter and had multiple wives.

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European Explorers
23
Periods of European Expansion

• Four periods of European, overseas expansion
• Initial period of expansion
• Colonial trade rivalry England, Spain, France
• New empires in Africa and Asia
• Decolonization mid-twentieth century

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European Explorers

• Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in
  1492 and sparked the European exploration of the
  Americas.

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Spanish Explorers

• The Spanish were the first to visit Mississippi
  between 1539-1542.
• Hernando de Soto explored the southeastern part
  of North America
• He was after Gold and Silver

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Hernando de Soto

• Expeditions included six hundred soldiers, many
  on horseback.
• The Spanish introduced both hogs and horses to
  North America
• He held Indian Chiefs hostage to secure labor,
  supplies and information
• In 1540 near Mobile he was attacked but the
  natives did not know how to fight cavalry and
  they were defeated
• He then led his forces into Mississippi.

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Hernando de Soto

• In May, the weary soldiers reached the
  Mississippi River, built boats and crossed it
• He died in 1542.
• Less than half survived the expedition.

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Effects of de Soto

• The Spanish did not return.
• They found no Gold
• They were constantly harassed by the natives
• The most profound effect was unexpected...Disease
  spread to Native Americans for which they had NO
  immunity.
• The extensive trade routes spread the diseases
  quickly.
• The population of the Native Americans
  dramatically decreased because of the diseases.
• It is estimated that the population of Native
  Americans decreased by 50 in the century and a
  half after Columbus landed.

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The Columbian Exchange

• Massive movement and interaction of biological
  organisms after Columbus

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French Explorers

• The French were next to explore Mississippi
• They settled in Quebec in 1608.
• Searched for a water route to the Pacific
• Were most interested in fur trading.

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Louis Jolliet and Jaques Marquette

• In 1673, sailed down the Mississippi River.
• Reached present-day Rosedale before realizing
  that the Ms. River flowed to the Gulf NOT the
  Pacific

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Rene Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, and Henry de
Tonti

• In 1682, they came down the Ms. River and claimed
  the region for France
• They befriended the Natchez Indians near
  Vicksburg
• La Salle returned to the region and tried to
  establish a settlement at the mouth of the Ms.
  River. He died trying.

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Tonti

• Made several trips up and down the Ms. River
  looking for La Salle, even leaving a letter for
  him with the Native Americans at the mouth of the
  Ms. River

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European Wars

• These wars had three major consequences
• 1. The territory of each country changed
• 2. The colonists in America sought allies among
  the Native Americans and different tribes
  supported different countries
• 3. Mississippi was ruled first by the French,
  then by the English and finally by the Spanish.
• The United States did not gain control of
  Mississippi until 1798.

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French Settlement

• From their base in Quebec, the French tried to
  control the interior of North America
• Wanted to dominate the fur trade
• Wanted to confine the English to the East Coast
• In order to do that, they had to control the Ohio
  and Ms. River valleys

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Sieur dIberville

• In 1699, the French sent dIberville of Canada to
  the Gulf of Mexico to establish a colony.
• He reached Ship Island and then landed on the
  mainland on February 13, 1699.
• By March he located the mouth of the Mississippi
  River
• He sailed back to Ship Island and then built Fort
  Maurepas on the present site of Ocean Springs.
• This was the first European settlement in
  Mississippi.

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Louisiana

• Iberville made several more trips to the Gulf
  Coast before dying in 1706
• On one of those trips he established Mobile.
• He abandoned Fort Maurepas because of its poor
  water supply, few trading partners, poor soil and
  no access to the interior. Basically....It
  Sucked!
• Bienville governed and defended the settlements
  while Iberville was away and established the
  settlement of New Orleans in 1718.

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French Incursions

• French Canadians traveled up and down the MS
  River and many were attacked along the way
• Bienville sailed up-river and took several chiefs
  hostage until the perpetrators had been captured
  and put to death.
• He built Fort Rosalie in 1716, at the present
  site of Natchez and Fort St. Pierre where the
  Yazoo River joined the Ms. River at present-day
  Vicksburg until 1729.

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The Massacre at Fort Rosalie

• The local governor demanded that the Natchez
  surrender a nearby village.
• In response, they attacked the fort, killed two
  hundred French, and freed nearly 300 black slaves
• The French retaliated with the help of the
  Choctaw, destroying the Natchez as a separate
  tribe.
• Those that survived fled north to the Chickasaw.

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Understanding Indian Politics

• Meanwhile the French and British were almost
  always at war with one another.
• In America each side bought allies with trade
  goods, especially guns and gunpowder.
• The Choctaw sided with the French
• The Natchez, Chickasaw and Creek sided with the
  British
• The Chickasaw raided Choctaw lands, captured them
  and took them to Charlestown, SC to be sold as
  slaves.
• The Choctaw, in turn, attacked the Chickasaw near
  Tupelo with French help, but were defeated.

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Mid 18th Century

• War again broke out between France and Great
  Britain
• However, this time, the war started in America
• Known as the French and Indian War here
  (1754-1763) was fought to see who would control
  the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys
• Most of the fighting took place north of
  Mississippi
• Although the Choctaw fought a civil war between
  supporters of the French and those of the British
• The French supporters of the Choctaw won
• France lost the greater war
• France gave up all territory east of the Ms River
  at the Treaty of Paris, 1763.

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Definition

• Treaty
• A Formal agreement between two or more nations.

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British Mississippi

• The British influenced Mississippi before 1763
• British traders from Charleston had travelled
  among the Choctaw and Chickasaw for decades,
  although the Choctaw preferred the French
• After 1763, Mississippi was an official part of
  the province of West Florida
• It was an unimportant and remote portion of the
  British Empire
• The Capital was Pensacola
• The colony of Georgia claimed the region
• Britain encouraged settlement in West Florida and
  the Natchez area
• Veterans of the war received land grants.

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British Mississippi

• By 1774, 3000 settlers had taken up residence in
  the Natchez district
• Relations soured between Great Britain and her
  colonies
• July 4, 1776 the colonists declared independence
  from Britain
• Not until 1778 did it affect the Natchez district
• James Willing travelled down the Mississippi
  River and seized territory in the Natchez
  district and then continued on to New Orleans.
• Spain declared war on Great Britain and captured
  Natchez in September 1779
• In 1783, The Treaty of Paris ended the
  Revolutionary War placing the border at 31
  degrees north latitude although Spain held on to
  Natchez

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Spanish Mississippi

• The district prospered under Spanish rule
• The population tripled between 1785-1798 (2000
  people-6,900 people)
• The Spanish Governor encouraged American
  immigration to the district and even gave
  generous land grants and was tolerant of
  Protestant religions
• Originally, the land was wooded but once cleared
  it was quite fertile
• Tobacco and indigo were important but COTTON
  became the best cash crop
• In 1800 the district exported 3 million pounds
  (1/6th the total exports of all the Americas that
  year)

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Spanish Mississippi

• Farmers in the district grew corn, feeding people
  and animals.
• Hogs and cattle were also raised
• The cattle drives of Texas had their origins in
  Mississippi
• Spain controlled the district but the U.S.
  claimed it as its own
• This issue was known as the Right of Deposit
• Getting goods to market was a huge problem
• Traveling by road, if any existed in an area, was
  slow
• So it became important to send goods down the
  rivers to New Orleans for export

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Pinckneys Treaty

• Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo
• Granted the right of Americans to deposit their
  goods in New Orleans
• Spain surrendered its hold over the Natchez
  district
• The U.S. took control over the region in 1798.

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The Mississippi Territory
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Mississippi Territory

• Native Americans made up majority of the
  population and had most of the land.
• Mainly woods and wildlife in MS
• Roads were little more than trails and no
  bridges.
• Natchez Trace was main roadway
• Natchez was a center of trade and commerce and a
  major port for sailors and goods

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Territorial Government

• The NorthWest Ordinance of 1787 established the
  framework for the government of the territories
  and set up admission for new states.

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The Admission Process

• Had 3 Stages
• 1. The President, with Congressional approval,
  appointed a territorial governor, 3 judges and a
  secretary to the governor.
• The Governor and Judges acted as a territorial
  legislature.
• Once the population of adult, free, men reached
  5,000 phase 2 began
• 2. The voters could now elect an assembly to pass
  laws and a territorial representative to
  Congress. The governor and judges remained.
• 3. Began when the territory had 60,000 people
  (excluding Indians) Representatives were elected
  to write a state constitution. After Congress
  approved it, a new state was admitted.

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Mississippis First Government

• Territorial Governor
• Winthrop Sargent
• Secretary to the Governor
• John Steele
• Territorial Judges
• Peter Bryan Bruin
• Daniel Tilton
• William McGuire

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Early Problems

• Sargent almost immediately became controversial
• Disputes centered on the laws he imposed and the
  strict nature of his administration.
• The National political climate drove much of the
  controversy.
• There was also a huge rift between merchants in
  Natchez and their rural customers.
• After Jefferson won the Presidency he appointed
  a new Governor (W.C.C. Claiborne) and moved the
  Capital from Natchez to the town of Washington to
  appease the farmers. It was highly symbolic.

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Land

• Ownership of the land in the territory was a
  major issue.
• Most of the land was owned by the Choctaw and
  Chickasaw tribes
• Pressure grew on the U.S. to acquire the land.

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Land

• Settlers held title to the land from all three
  previous ruling countries France, Spain and
  Britain
• Others had purchased land grants from Georgia
• Many settlers were Squatters and had cleared and
  farmed the land, built homes but did not own it.
• The U.S. government had developed an orderly
  process to gain land ownership with the Land
  Ordinance of 1785.

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Sectionalism

• Definition An allegiance to local interests.
• The Natchez district dominated the politics of
  the territory.
• Whites in the east believed Natchez White used
  Wealth to control territory.
• Conflicts arose between slave owners and non
  slave owners

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Taking Shape

• 1804, territory expanded to Tennessee
• 1812, southern border extended to Gulf of Mexico

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Statehood

• Dividing the state and joining the Union

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Statehood

• 1817 MS divided into two territories, Mississippi
  and Alabama
• 1st Constitution was written
• The Legislative branch was more powerful than the
  executive branch because of territorial governors
• Judges were appointed for life and only
  landowners could vote
• Landowners were only white men

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Did You Know

• The delegates to the constitutional convention
  did not submit the new constitution to the voters
  but sent it to the federal government for
  approval.
• Upon approval, Mississippi became the 20th state
  on December 10, 1817.
• David Holmes became the first Governor.

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End Chapter 3