Pre-Columbian Americas to 1600

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Pre-Columbian Americas to 1600
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The First Immigrants Arrive

• How did early man come to North America?

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What obstacles did Paleo-Indians face?

• Ice walls eventually warmed and natives fanned
  out over North America
• Paleo-Indian bands begin around 13,000 B.C.
• Natives lived in bands of 15 to 50

Mile High Ice Walls in Alaska
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• Key Terms
• Bering Strait
• Beringia
• Ice Age
• Why did they migrate?

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Distinctive Weapon Fluted Points
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Indian Farmers Cultivate the Southwest -pueblos H
ousing? Society? What happened to them?
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The Northernmost part of North America -Inuit -F
ood? -Housing?
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Plains Indians Track Buffalo -Cheyenne and
Sioux
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Eastern Woodlands -The Iroquois -Society? The
League of the Iroquois the Cayuga, Mohawk,
Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca
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The Southeastern Indians

• Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks,
  Seminoles
• Pyramids

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Reasons for Exploration
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The UltimateReasons to Explore. The Three
GsGoldGodGlory and S
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English Colonists Arrive Virginia
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Jamestown Settlement, 1607
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English Colonization

• The Charter of the Virginia Company
• Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as
  Englishmen as if they had stayed in England.
• This provision was incorporated into future
  colonists documents.
• Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they
  had the rights of Englishmen!

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Chesapeake Bay
What were the geographic and environmental
problems?
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Captain John SmithThe Right Man for the Job??

• 1609 John Smith provided some leadership
• If you do not work, you do not eat!
• Chief Powhatan provides crucial assistance!
• When Smith return to England after an accident
  the colony, the colony is again reduced to
  extreme want!

There was no talkbut dig gold, wash gold,
refine gold, load gold
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Pocahontas
"Having feasted him . . . A long consultation was
held, but the conclusion was, two great stones
were brought before Powhatan then as many as
could lay hands on him, dragged him to them, and
thereon laid his head, and being ready with their
clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the
Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could
prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her
owne upon his to save him from death whereat the
Emperour Powhatan was contented he should live
to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and
copper . . . -Captain John Smith, General
Historie (1624)
A 1616 engraving in the center on original
artwork of her
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The Starving Time

• 1607-1610 During the few years disease and
  starvation took a terrible tool
• Only a constant influx of new colonists kept the
  colony alive!
• Reasons for near failure
• Lack of knowledge of frontier survival skills and
  where to plant the colony
• Bickering leadership
• Indian hostility
• Gentlemen and Paupers were the first settlers
• Poor labor system, all profits for the company
• no incentive!

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John Rolfe
What finally made the colony prosperous??
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Encouraging Immigration

• Headright System
• Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose
  passage they paid. A family of four 200 acres!

• Indenture Contract
• 4-7 years.
• Promised freedom dues land,
• Forbidden to marry.
• 1610-1614 only 1 in 10 outlived their
  indentured contracts!

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VirginiaHouse of Burgesses, 1619
Significant Event!
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English Tobacco Label

• First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
• Their status was not clear ? perhaps slaves,
  perhaps indentured servants.
• Slavery did not play a crucial role in the
  Southern colonies until 1676

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Frustrated Freemen

• Late 1600s ? large numbers of young, poor,
  discontented men who had been indentured servants
  or who were small farmer living in the Piedmont
  region wanted
• More access to land
• women for marriage
• Part of the Indian fur trade
• 1670 ? The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most
  landless men!

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Bacons Rebellion Has Four Main Causes

• 1. Social Differences
• -Tidewater vs. Piedmont farmers
• 2. Unfair Taxes

• 3. Unfair Voting System
• 4. Indian relations

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Nathaniel Bacons Rebellion 1676

• Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against
  Governor Berkeley
• Rebels resented Berkeleys close relations with
  Indians.
• Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the
  Indians in the area.
• Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks
  on frontier settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon
GovernorWilliam Berkeley
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Bacons Rebellion

• Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were
  friendly or not to whites.
• Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
• They burned the capital.
• Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.
• Bacon suddenly died of fever.
• Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and
  hanged 20 rebels.

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Results of Bacons Rebellion

• It exposed resentments between inland
  frontiersmen and landless former servants against
  gentry on coastal plantations.
• Upper class planters searched for laborers less
  likely to rebel ? BLACK SLAVES!!

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The Settlement of Maryland

• A royal charter wasgranted to GeorgeCalvert,
  Lord Baltimore,in 1632.
• A proprietary (sole owner) colony created in
  1634.
• A healthier locationthan Jamestown.
• Tobacco would be the main crop.

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A Haven for Catholics

• Colonists only willing to come to MD if they
  received land.
• Toleration Act of 1649
• Supported by the Catholics in MD.
• Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
• Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of
  Jesus like Jews, atheists, etc..
• In one way, it was less tolerant than before the
  law was passed!!

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Georgia

• James Oglethorpe
• Debtors

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Carolinas

• Land of Charles

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Pennsylvania

• William Penns holy experiment
• Quakers are tree huggers
• pacifism

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Puritanism

• John Calvin aka Calvinism
• Key Belief Predestination
• God as a saint is predetermined at birth
• Importance of divine grace and good works which
  was a sign of salvation!
• Good works could not save those predestined for
  hell.
• Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of
  conversion.

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Puritan Beliefs

• 1. Religion should be applied to daily life and
  to the function of government
• 2. Criticized the Anglican church for
  retaining too much of the Roman Catholic Churchs
  ritual and hierarchy
• Concerned about their political and religious
  freedoms in England.
• Difference between Puritans and Separatist?

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The Mayflower

• 1620 ? a group of 102 people half were
  Separatists
• Negotiated with theVirginia Company to settle
  in its jurisdiction.
• Non-Separatists included Captain Myles
  Standish.

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The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

• Written and signed before the Pilgrims
  disembarked from the ship.
• Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a
  crude government and submit to majority rule.
• Signed by 41 adult males, why only males?
• Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies
  to make laws in town meetings.

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Dissent Grows New England
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Puritan Dissent The Rebels

• Young, popular minister in Salem.
• Argued for a full break with the Anglican
  Church.
• Condemned MA Bay Charter.
• Did not give fair compensation to Indians for
  their land
• Denied authority of civil government to
  regulate religious behavior. Believed in the
  separation of church and state
• 1635 ? found guilty of preaching new dangerous
  opinions and was exiled.

Roger Williams
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Puritan Rebels

• Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.
• Threatened patriarchal control.
• Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of
  predestination.
• Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.
• Truly saved didnt need to obey the law of either
  God or man.

AnneHutchinson