Sex%20and%20Gender

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Chapter 11

• Sex and Gender

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What We Will Learn

• To what extent does biology influence maleness
  and femaleness?
• Are males dominant over females in all societies?
• How similar are gender roles throughout the
  world?
• Do women and men in the same culture communicate
  differently?
• How can extreme gender ideology lead to the
  exploitation of women?

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Gender

• Gender refers to the way members of the two sexes
  are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave.
• Sexual dimorphism refers to the physiological
  differences between men and women.
• U.S. culture recognizes only two genders, male
  and female, but other cultures recognize a
  combined male/female gender.

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Gender

• Masculinity
• The social definition of maleness, which varies
  from society to society.
• Femininity
• The social definition of femaleness, which varies
  from culture to culture.

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Femininity

• A nine year old girl from Vermont in camouflage
  is being taught to hunt black bear with her own
  20-gauge shotgun.
• This is certainly an atypical definition of
  femininity in the United States.

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Gender

• This Hijra man, who presents himself as being
  like a woman, is an excellent example of the
  socially constructed basis for sexuality.

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Human Sexuality

• The sexual practices of humans, usually varying
  from culture to culture.
• Extramarital activity
• Sexual activity outside marriage.
• Sex drive
• Desire for sexual activity.

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Question

• _______ refers to cultural ideas concerning the
  way members of two sexes are perceived,
  evaluated, and expected to behave.
• Gender
• Masculine and feminine
• Sexual dimorphism
• Sex

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Answer a

• Gender refers to cultural ideas concerning the
  way members of two sexes are perceived,
  evaluated, and expected to behave.

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Question

• In some cultures, ________ are rigidly defined,
  while in others they overlap to a considerable
  degree.
• gender definitions
• gender roles
• sexual roles
• sexuality rules

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Answer b

• In some cultures, gender roles are rigidly
  defined, while in others they overlap to a
  considerable degree.

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Sexuality

• Heterosexual
• A person who is sexually attracted to people of
  the opposite sex.
• Homosexual
• A person who is sexually attracted to people of
  the same sex.

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Sexuality

• Gentlemen, start your engines. Such performance
  enhancing drugs as Viagradesigned to treat
  impotence in older menare being used today
  recreationally by men of all ages.

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Gender Roles

• Men have greater body mass and strength and are
  better equipped for hunting, warfare, and land
  clearing.
• Women do tasks that are compatible with
  pregnancy, breastfeeding, and child care.

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Gender Roles

• This baseball player engaged in child care in the
  locker room is just one example of changing
  gender roles in the United States.

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Division of Labor (Worldwide Trends) - Generally
Male Tasks

• Hunting large animals
• Fishing as a primary task
• Tending large animal herds
• Mining, smelting, and metalworking
• Conducting warfare

• Boat building
• Working wood and stone
• Clearing/preparing the land for crops
• Making musical instruments
• Making nets and ropes

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Division of Labor (Worldwide Trends) - Generally
Male and Female Tasks

• Fishing as a secondary task
• Tending small animals
• Planting and harvesting crops
• House building
• Making certain craft items
• Local market trading

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Division of Labor (Worldwide Trends) - Generally
Female Tasks

• Childcare
• Collecting fuel and water
• Food preparation
• Gathering wild plants, fruits, and nuts
• Making clothes
• Household maintenance

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Gender Roles

• Traditional gender roles are sometimes reversed
  in 21st century America, as with this female fire
  fighter.

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Gender Roles

• In the United States, it is estimated that
  approximately 20 of all preschool children are
  cared for primarily by their fathers.

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Sexual Asymmetry

• The universal tendency of women to be in a
  subordinate position in their social
  relationships with men.

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Genderlects

• Linguistic gender differences.

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Gender Stratification

• A division in society where all members are
  hierarchically ranked according to gender.
• Purdah
• Rules involving domestic seclusion and veiling
  for women in small towns in Iraq, Iran, and Syria.

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Gender Stratification

• In some societies women are excluded from certain
  areas that are for men only, such as this all
  men's bar in Perth, Australia.

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Gender Equality

• Among the Minangkabau of west Sumatra, decision
  making among wives and husbands is relatively
  equal and cooperative.

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Gender Ideology

• Thoughts and values that legitimize gender roles,
  statuses, and customary behavior.
• In some African societies, mens physical
  well-being is thought to be jeopardized by
  contact with a womans menstrual discharge.
• In Bangladesh, men are associated with the right
  side and women with the left side, a dichotomy
  that also denotes puritypollution, goodbad, and
  authority submission.

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Gender and Education

• This boy from Gambia (west Africa) is much more
  likely to attend school than his younger sister.

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Feminization of Poverty

• Refers to the high proportion of female-headed
  families below the poverty line, which may result
  from the high proportion of women found in
  occupations with low prestige and income.

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Question

• ______ is a system of thoughts and values that
  legitimize gender roles, statuses, and customary
  behavior.
• Gender ideology
• Gender asymmetry
• Gender identity
• Gender roles

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Answer a

• Gender ideology is a system of thoughts and
  values that legitimize gender roles, statuses,
  and customary behavior.

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Countries with Highest and Lowest Scores on the
Gender Empowerment Measure
Norway 0.84
Iceland 0.83
Sweden 0.82
Denmark 0.82
Finland 0.80
Netherlands 0.78
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Countries with Highest and Lowest Scores on the
Gender Empowerment Measure
Canada 0.78
United States 0.76
Sri Lanka 0.27
Egypt 0.26
Bangladesh 0.22
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Women and Economic Equality

• Although they assume a subordinate position in
  their family lives, some African women are able
  to maintain considerable powers, authority, and
  autonomy by virtue of their economic activities,
  as with this vegetable vendor in Ethiopia.

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Exploitation Caused By Gender Ideology

• Male gender bias
• A preference found in some societies for sons
  rather than daughters.
• Female infanticide
• The killing of female children
• Nutritional deprivation
• A form of child abuse involving withholding food
  can retard learning, physical development, or
  social adjustment.

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Honor Killings

• A euphemism referring to a practice found in
  various Middle Eastern cultures whereby women are
  put to death at the hands of their own family
  members because they are thought to have
  dishonored the family.

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Dowry Death

• The killing of a wife by her in-laws if the
  wifes parents fail to pay additional dowry.

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Violence Against Women

• Physical violence against women, the result of
  gender ideology,continues to be a problem in the
  United States.

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Gender in the U.S.

• Breadwinner
• A traditional gender role found in the United
  States that views males as being responsible for
  the economic support and protection of the
  family.
• Housewife
• A traditional gender role found in the United
  States that views females as responsible for
  child-rearing and domestic activities.

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Gender in the U.S

• Double workload
• Situation in which employed married women,
  particularly those with children, are both wage
  employed and primarily responsible for housework
  and child care.
• Occupational segregation
• The predominance of one gender in certain
  occupations.

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Mens Lifespan

• Men tend to have a shorter life span than women,
  in part because they engage in more high-risk
  occupations.