How do individuals and groups with different genes arise?

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How do individuals and groups with different
genes arise? Exams returnedW 2/18? Bonuses
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How do individuals and groups with different
genes arise? Evolution Does it occur? How
does it occur?
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Fig 15.3
Information flow in cells
Protein
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Phenotype
Genotype
Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene
products give rise to traits It is rarely this
simple.
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Fig 12.3
As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to
the next generations.
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DNA is replicated semi-conservatively
See Fig 14.10
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When DNA is replicated, mutations can occur.
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Fig 12.3
DNA must be replicated before it can be passed
on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified
impacts evolution.
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Fig 16.21
Mutations Sickle-cell anemia
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Fig 16.21
Differences in amino acid sequence lead to
differences in 3-D shape and different
functionalities
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Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia
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How do individuals and groups with different
genes arise? Evolution Does it occur? How
does it occur?
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Does evolution occur?
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As DNA changes traits change.
Protein
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Evolution A species genetic component changes
as the individuals reproduce.
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Evolution A species genetic component changes
as the individuals reproduce. These changes are
based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.
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Evolution changes in DNA as information
transmitted
O
O
O
Fig 24.11
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
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Evolution changes in DNA as information
transmitted
O
O
O
Fig 24.11
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Apply antibiotic
X
X
X
O
O
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
X
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
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Evolution changes in DNA as information
transmitted
O
O
O
Fig 24.11
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Apply antibiotic
Continues to replicate
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
X
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
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Evolution changes in DNA as information
transmitted
O
O
O
Fig 24.11
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Apply antibiotic
Continues to replicate
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
X
X
X
X
O
O
O
O
Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation
that allow them to be resistant.
O
O
O
O
Population of resistant bacteria
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Evolution can occur via several processes. One
common process isNatural Selection Individuals
that are most successful at reproducing will pass
on more of their genetic information.
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Reproductive success Evolutionary success
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Reproductive success Evolutionary success
www.jayhosler.com
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Reproductive success evolutionary success
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Are genes the only replicators?
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Memes transmissible ideas

• Ideas can act similarly to genes
• Contain information
• Replicate with imperfect fidelity

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Mutations
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Memes transmissible ideas

• Ideas can act similarly to genes or viruses
• Contain information
• Replicate with imperfect fidelity

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Memes transmissible ideas

• Ideas can act similarly to genes or viruses
• Contain information
• Replicate with imperfect fidelity

Evolve most successful replicators become most
abundant
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Contrasts between memes and genes

• Genes
• Slow replication
• High copy fidelity
• Universal in organisms

• Memes
• Rapid replication
• Low copy fidelity
• Limited to some organisms
• Only humans can transmit complex memes?

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Evolution of memes and genes
Selection of memes and genes can be at odds
NvN chpt 8
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Humans can pass on genes and/or memes
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This was not presented in the 11am class
Do other animals have culture?
In rats
http//salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk/year3/PSY339Evolution
aryPsychology/EvolutionaryPsychology.htm
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This video wasnot presented in lecture, it is
about teaching/learning in chimps
Do other animals have culture?
http//www.pbs.org/saf/1504/video/watchonline.htm
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Do memes make humans unique?
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Evolution A species genetic component changes
as the individuals reproduce. These changes are
based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.
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Next How does evolution occur? Exams
returnedW 2/18? Bonuses