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Title: Introductory Chemistry, 2nd Edition Nivaldo Tro


1
??? ???
2
????????????????
3
  • ???????(Sour Patch Kid)?????????????????,????????(
    citric acid)????(tartaric acid)????,????????
  • ??????????,??????????H???????????????????????????
    ??????,??????????????,?????????

4
  • ??????????????
  • ??????(James Bond)?????????,??????????????????????
  • ??????????,????????????????????
  • ?????????,??10 ????????

5
???????
6
????
  • ??????
  • ????????
  • i.e. Al, Zn, Fe
  • 2 Al 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 3 H2
  • ?????????,??CO2
  • ???????????
  • CaCO3 2 HCl CaCl2 CO2 H2O
  • ??????????

7
?14.1 ??????
?? ??
??(hydrochloric acid, HCl) ????,????,????,???????
??(sulfuric acid, H2SO4) ????????,?????????,????
??(nitric acid, HNO3) ????????,?????????
??(acetic acid, HC2H3O2) ????????,?????,??????
??(carbonic acid, H2CO3) ???????????????????
???(hydrofluoric acid, HF) ????,???????
8
????
  • ???
  • H??????????
  • HCl, HF
  • HCl????????,???,???????????????????????????

9
????
  • ???
  • H????????
  • H2SO4, HNO3
  • ????????????????????????
  • ??????????????,??????????????

10
????
  • ??(carboxylic acid)
  • ?? -COOH ?
  • HC2H3O2, H3C6H5O3
  • ??? -COOH?? H ????
  • ?????????

11
???????
12
????
  • ??????
  • ???????????????????????(alkaloids)???
  • ??????????????,????
  • ??,??(hemlock)?????????????(coniine)
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ????????,????????????
  • ???????,???,?????
  • ???????????

13
?14.2 ??????
?? ??
????(sodium hydroxide, NaOH) ????,???????
????(potassium hydroxid, KOH) ????,??,????
????(sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) ?(ammonia, NH3) ???,??????,CO2??????,???????,??????
?????????,????(HCO3)???????(conjugate base)
(??14.4 ?)????????
14
????
  • ???????????OH??
  • NaOH, Ca(OH)2
  • NaOH????????Drano????????
  • ??????CO32- ??
  • CaCO3 NaHCO3
  • ?????????H?????
  • ?????

15
????????
16
????(Arrhenius)??
  • ????????(??)H??
  • HCl(aq) ? H(aq) Cl(aq)
  • H?????????,?????,??????????? ??(hydronium
    ion)
  • ??????H(aq)?H3O(aq)????,??????????

17
  • ???????,????????????,????????????????
  • ????????

????? ??????
?????
18
????(Arrhenius)??
  • ????????(??)OH???
  • NaOH(aq) ? Na(aq) OH(aq)
  • ????????,???????????,???????????
  • H(aq) OH(aq) ? H2O(l)
  • ? ? ? ? ?
  • HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) ? NaCl(aq) H2O(l)

19
?????? (Brønsted-Lowery)??
  • ?????????
  • ???????????????OH,?NH3?????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ?????????????
  • ??????H????
  • ??H???????(????????)
  • ????????????????????

20
?????? (Brønsted-Lowery)??
  • ???(H??)????(donor)?
  • HCl????????,????????????????
  • HCl(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) Cl(aq)
  • ???(H??)????(acceptor)?
  • ??????(?NH3),?????OH??,??????????OH??
  • NH3??????????,??????????????
  • NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)

21
?????? (Brønsted-Lowery)??
  • ??????????,?(?????)??(?????)??????
  • HCl(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) Cl(aq)
  • ? ?
  • (?????) (?????)
  • NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
  • ? ?
  • (?????) (?????)

22
????(Amphoteric Substances)
  • ?????????????
  • ????????????
  • HCl(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) Cl(aq)
  • ? ?
  • (?????) (?????)
  • NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
  • ? ?
  • (?????) (?????)

23
???????????
  • ?????????????????(reversible reaction)
  • NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
  • ? ?
  • (?????) (?????)
  • NH4(aq) OH(aq) ? NH3(aq) H2O(l)
  • ? ?
  • (?????) (?????)

24
?????(conjugate acidbase pair)
  • NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
  • ? ? ???
    ???

HA B ? A HB ? ?
??? ???
25
??14.1 ????????????????????
  • ???????,???????????????????????????
  • H2SO4(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) HSO4(aq)
  • HCO3(aq) H2O(l) ? H2CO3(aq) OH(aq)

? ? ??? ???
? ? ??? ???
26
??????
27
????(Neutralization)
  • ???????,?????H(aq)??????OH(aq)??H2O(l)?
  • ???????????????
  • HCl(aq) KOH(aq) ? H2O(l) KCl(aq)
  • ? ? ? ? ?
  • ??????
  • H(aq) OH(aq) ? H2O(l)

???????????????????????
28
????????????
  • ????????????????
  • HCl(aq) NaHCO3(aq) ? H2O(l) CO2(g) NaCl(aq)

29
????
  • ???????????????????(???????)
  • 2 HCl(aq) Mg(s) ? H2(g) MgCl2(aq)
  • H2SO4(aq) Zn(s) ? H2(g) ZnSO4(aq)
  • 2 HCl(aq) Fe(s) ? H2(g) FeCl2(aq)
  • ???????????,?? ?
  • ????????????????????
  • 2 HCl(aq) K2O(s) ? H2O(l) 2 KCl(aq)
  • 2 HBr(aq) MgO(s) ? H2O(l) MgBr2(aq)

30
????
  • ?????????????
  • ???????
  • 2 NaOH(aq) 2 Al(s) 6 H2O(l) ? 2 NaAl(OH)4(aq)
    3 H2(g)
  • ???????????????
  • ?????????????,??NaOH (????????????????)???????????
    ?

31
???????????????
32
??(Titration)
  • ?????????????????
  • ????????NaOH???????HCl
  • ??????
  • HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) ? H2O(l) NaCl(aq)
  • ??????
  • H(aq) OH(aq) ? H2O(l)

33
  • ??????????????NaOH
  • ?OH???,??H??????????
  • ???(equivalence point)
  • ?????OH????????????????H????????,??????
  • ?????????(indicator)????,?????????????????????

34
  • ??????????????,??????????
  • ?NaOH?HCl?????????(1 mol ?H?1 mol
    ?OH),???(??)?????,?????????(endpoint)

35
??14.4 ????
  • ??????HCl??10.00 mL?????0.100 M?NaOH??12.54
    mL???????,???HCl????????
  • ??10.00 mL HCl?? 0.100 M?NaOH??12.54
    mL?? HCl?????(mol/L)
  • ???
  • HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) ? H2O(l) NaCl(aq)

36
  • ???
  • ??

37
???????
38
??
  • ?????????
  • HCl(aq) H2O(l) H3O(aq) Cl(aq)
  • ????????HCl??
  • H3O ?? (H)
  • ??????
  • ?????????

?????????
  • ????????????????????

39
  • ??HCl?????????????,??????

40
?14.3 ??
?? (hydrochloric acid, HCl) ?? (nitric acid, HNO3)
??? (hydrobromic acid, HBr) ??? (perchloric acid, HClO4)
??? (hydroiodic acid, HI) ??(????) (sulfuric acid, H2SO4)
41
??
  • ????????????
  • ?????????
  • HF(aq) H2O(l) H3O(aq) F(aq)
  • ?HF??????,??????????H3O?F??,???????????HF???
  • H3O ltlt HF
  • ?????????
  • ????????????????????

42
  • HF????????,??????HF??????,?????????

43
  • ??????????????????(????) ??????
  • HA(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) A(aq)
  • ?
    ???
  • ??H?A?????,???????,????????H?A?????,???????
    ,??????
  • ????
  • ????,????????? ,??????
  • ????,????? ? ?? ,??????

44
?14.4 ??
??? (hydrofluoric acid, HF) ???(????) (sulfurous acid, H2SO3)
?? (acetic acid, HC2H3O2) ??(????) (carbonic acid, H2CO3)
?? (formic acid, HCHO2) ??(????) (phosphoric acid, H3PO4)
45
??
  • ?????????????
  • NaOH(aq) ? Na(aq) OH(aq)
  • Sr(OH)2(aq) ? Sr2(aq) 2 OH(aq)
  • ?????????NaOH??
  • OH ?? ( OH)
  • ??????
  • ?????????

46
?14.5 ??
???? (lithium hydroxide, LiOH) ???? (strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2)
???? (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) ???? (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2)
???? (potassium hydroxide, KOH) ???? (barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2)
47
??
  • ??????????????????????OH
  • B(aq) H2O(l) ? BH(aq) OH(aq)
  • B ?????????
  • NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
  • ?NH3??????,???????NH4?OH,???NH3????NH3???
  • HO ltlt NH3
  • ?????????

48
?????????
49
????????(self-ionization)
  • ????(amphoteric)??
  • ??????
  • HCl(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) Cl(aq) ?
    ?
  • ???????
  • NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq) ?
    ?
  • ???,????????????,????????
  • H2O(l) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) OH(aq)?
    ?
  • H2O Û H OH

50
???????
  • ???25??,???????
  • H2O(l) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) OH(aq)
  • H3O OH 1.0107 M (?25C???)
  • ????????? H3OOH
  • ???????(ion product constant for water, Kw)
  • Kw H3OOH
  • 1.0107 1.0107
  • 1.01014 ?????????????

51
????????
  • H3OOHKw 1014
  • ????(neutral solution)
  • H OH 1 x 10-7
  • ????(acidic solution)
  • H3O gt OH
  • H3O gt 1 x 10-7 OH lt 1 x 10-7
  • ????(basic solution)
  • H3O lt OH
  • H3O lt 1 x 10-7 OH gt 1 x 10-7

52
(No Transcript)
53
??14.7 ????????Kw
  • ???????OH,?????????????????
  • H3O 7.5 105 M
  • ??
  • ????
  • H3OOH Kw 1.01014
  • 7.5105 OH Kw 1.01014

54
???????H,?????????????????
  • Ca(OH)2 0.20 M

55
???????H,?????????????????
  • Ca(OH)2 0.20 M
  • OH- 2 0.20 0.40 M

H1 lt OH-,?????
56
pH????????????
57
pH
  • ????????????????
  • pH lt 7 ????
  • pH gt 7 ????
  • pH 7 ????

58
?H3O??pH
  • ???pH??
  • pH log H3O
  • ?? H3O1.5107 M (??)????pH??
  • pH log H3O
  • log(1.5107)
  • (6.82)
  • 6.82
  • ????????????????????
  • log 1.0 103 3.00 (2??? )
  • log 10.0 103 3.000 (3??? )

59
?14.7 ???????pH?
?? pH
???? 1.03.0
?? 1.82.0
?? 2.22.4
???? 2.04.0
?? 2.83.0
? 2.83.8
?? 2.93.3
?? 3.43.6
?? 3.24.0
?? 4.05.0
?????? 5.6
????? 7.37.4
?? 7.68.0
??(??) 10.5
???? 10.511.5
4 NaOH?? 14
60
  • pH???????????(logarithmic scale)
  • 1?pH????????H3O??10????

61
?pH??H3O
??1????? ??210x??
pH logH3O pH logH3O
pH logH3O pH logH3O
invlog(pH) invlog(logH3O) 10pH 10logH3O
invlog(pH) H3O 10pH H3O
62
??14.9 ?pH??H3O
  • ????pH??4.80,????H3O???

??1????? ??210x??
pH logH3O pH logH3O
4.80 logH3O 4.80 logH3O
4.80 logH3O 4.80 logH3O
invlog(4.80) invlog(logH3O) 104.80 10logH3O
invlog(4.80) H3O 104.80 H3O
H3O 1.6105 M H3O 1.6 05 M
63
???????pH,?????????????????
  • Ca(OH)2 0.0010 M
  • OH- 2 0.0010 0.0020 M 2.010-3 M

pH -log H -log (5.0 x 10-12) pH 11.3 pH
gt 7, ?????
64
??????pH?????
65
????
  • ????????????????pH???
  • ???????????????????
  • ??????????(HC2H3O2)?????????(NaC2H3O2)???
  • ???????????????,???????????
  • ????????
  • NaOH(aq) HC2H3O2(aq) ? H2O(l) NaC2H3O2(aq)
  • ??????????
  • HCl(aq) NaC2H3O2(aq) ? HC2H3O2(aq) NaCl(aq)

66
(No Transcript)
67
???????????????????
68
?????
  • ?????????,?????????
  • CO2 H2O ? H2CO3
  • ???????,?????????CO2,?pH??????5.6
  • ????(fossil fuel, ??,?????),?????????
  • ?????CO2, SO2, NO2
  • ?????????
  • 2 SO2 O2 2 H2O ? 2 H2SO4
  • 4 NO2 O2 2 H2O ? 4 HNO3
  • ???pH?????4.3
  • pH 4.3????H3O?pH 5.6?20 ?

69
?????
  • ??????,??????????????????
  • ?????????????
  • ????????????
  • ??????????
  • ???????????????2000?????????????
  • ???????????,????????????,?????????

70
  • ??????????????????,?????????????????
  • ?????1935??,????60??????(?????????)
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