Prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases

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Prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases
Dr. Wasantha Gunathunga Department of Community
Medicine
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Levels of prevention
H- nutr, imm

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary

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Host

• Age
• Sex
• Poor nutrition
• Habits
• HIV
• Immunity - BCG

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Host

• Age
• Sex
• Poor nutrition
• Habits
• HIV
• Immunity - BCG

• Age
• Old age (eg. TB)
• Infancy(eg.diarrhoea)
• Reproductive age (HIV)
• Sex
• Male
• female

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Host

• Age
• Sex
• Poor nutrition
• Habits
• HIV
• Immunity - BCG

• Poor nutrition
• Proper infant and child feeding
• Nutrition during illness
• Nutrition in special groups
• Proper feeding of senior citizens

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Host

• Age
• Sex
• Poor nutrition
• Habits
• HIV
• Immunity - BCG

• Habits
• Prevention of substance abuse
• Prevention of risk sexual behaviour
• Hygiene
• Other

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Host

• Age
• Sex
• Poor nutrition
• Habits
• HIV
• Immunity - BCG

• Prevention of HIV will prevent many other
  infections
• Immunity by vaccinations

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Agent

• Prevent drug resistance -Tubercle bacillus
• Not giving opportunity
• Look for new forms mutations, eg. SARS

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Environment

• Manage overcrowding
• Recognize occupational exposure
• Improve domestic ventilation
• public transport
• Prevent antibiotic residues in food
• Treat open cases

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secondary prevention

• Surveillance
• Screening
• Complete treatment
• Defaulter tracing

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Surveillance

• Epidemiological surveillance is the continuous
  scrutiny of factors that determine the occurrence
  and distribution of diseases or other conditions
  of ill health. It includes systematic collection,
  analysis, interpretation and distribution of
  relevant data for action.

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Approaches of prevention

• Population approach
• High risk approach

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• Control
• Elimination
• Eradication

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Disease Control

• The disease agent is allowed to persist in the
  environment
• The disease ceases to become a public health
  problem
• A state of equilibrium
• Disease control involves activities of primary
  prevention and secondary prevention

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Elimination

• Interruption of disease transmission in the
  community
• e.g. Diphtheria

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Eradication

• Total removal of the infective agent thereby
  terminating disease transmission and the
  possibility of disease transmission
• e.g. Small pox , ?polio

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Controlling the reservoir of infection

• The aim is to reduce the quantity of the agent
  available for dissemination
• Early Diagnosis
• Notification
• Epidemiological investigation
• Isolation
• Treatment
• Quarantine