Question 1

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UR - The Universal Relay
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UR Features
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• FAMILY of relays built on a common platform
• Common look feel for ease of use product to
  product
• All bells whistles, present and future,
  available to whole family
• Reduced training time and drafting costs
• MODULAR architecture
• Scaleable - accommodates a scaleable I/O
  architecture
• Flexible - accommodates different types of I/O
• Upgradeable - accommodates upgrading to new
  technologies

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UR Features
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• COMMUNICATIONS
• High-speed networking capability (Ethernet -
  fiber, redundancy)
• Multiple Protocols - UCA 2.0, DNP 3.0, Modbus,
  IEC-870-101
• SUBSTATION Automation - System Solution
• PMCS UR with UCA 2.0 MMS/Ethernet

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Software Issues
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• Software accounts for 90 of digital relay design
• Most support functions are required in all types
  of relays
• Market needs are driving shorter development
  cycles

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Modular Software
Object Oriented Design allows for scalable,
flexible and re-useable software and features
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Hardware Issues
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• Microprocessor / Integrated Circuit Functionality
  is increasing exponentially
• Components can become obsolete in 1 to 2 years
• Utility expect a 20 year life

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Modular Hardware Design
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• Concept

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Common Platform

• Common hardware modules
• Common software modules
• Capability to run a wide variety of applications
• Result Universal Relay (UR)

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Hardware
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• Flash memory
• Draw-out modules for serviceability
• Expandable I/O
• Field upgradable

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Hardware

• 4RU, 19 inch rack-mount chassis
• Hinged faceplate allows easy access to modules
• Faceplate can be mounted separately on doors for
  applications limited in depth
• Extension cable connects faceplate to main unit

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Hardware - Modular I/O
Configurable I/O via sub-modules
Sub-Modules
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Draw-Out Modules
Modular design allows all modules to be
easily inserted or removed for upgrading or
repair. Field wiring is left undisturbed
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Hardware - Interfaces
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• CONTACT INPUTS (expandable)
• Configurable inputs may be used for
• Breaker status
• Oscillography trigger
• Control inputs

• CONTACT OUTPUTS (expandable)
• Fully programmable
• Trip rated Form-A relays
• Form-C relays
• Fast Form-C relays

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User Interfaces
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• PROGRAM UPDATING
• Flash memory storage of firmware for field
  updating via communications port. Enables product
  updating on-site for latest features

• COMMUNICATIONS
• Modbus RTU on RS485 _at_ 115 kbps
• MMS/UCA 2.0 on Redundant 10BaseF

POWERFUL PROCESSORS Numerical data
processing using a 32 bit CPU and DSP for high
speed complex task processing
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FlexLogic
FlexLogic minimizes the requirement for auxiliary
components and wiring while making more complex
schemes possible.
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Virtual Inputs / Outputs
Virtual Inputs / Outputs extend the I/O
capability of the relay to LAN communications.
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Peer to Peer Communications

• Networkable
• Peer to peer communications
• Self-defining data
• External data access via corporate WAN

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Metering
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• Current (Phase, Neutral and Ground) -
• Accuracy 0.25 of reading or 0.1 of rating
  from 0.1 to 2.0 x CT rating (whichever is
  greater)
• Voltage (Vab Vbc Vca Van Vbn Vcn) -
• Accuracy 0.25 of reading from 10 to 208 V
• Apparent Power (VA) - Accuracy 1.0 of reading
• Real Power (Watts) - Accuracy 1 of reading
• Reactive (Vars) - Accuracy 1
• Power Factor - Accuracy 0.02

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Monitoring

• Oscillography
• 64 samples / power frequency cycle
• Adjustable Memory (1 record / 128 cycles to 31
  records / 8 cycles)
• 6 Analog, 15 digital channels can be displayed
• Selectable triggers
• Adjustable trigger position
• Event Recorder
• 1024 events, events are date and time stamped
  to nearest millisecond
• Selection of points to monitor (pickup,
  operation, logic, I/O)

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Connectivity

• Communications
• Protocols
• Peer to Peer Communications
• URPC
• Integration

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Communications
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• PROTOCOLS
• Modbus RTU protocol
• Standard Front Port RS232
• Rear Port RS485 up to 115kbps
• UCA2Ô protocol
• Application MMS
• Physical 10BaseT (Ethernet) or 10BaseF (Fiber
  Optic)
• Transport layer ISO-OSI and TCP/IP

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URPC Program Features
Windows 95/ NT Based Software

• View actual values
• View/edit setting on-line
• View Event Recorder for troubleshooting
• Upgrade relay firmware programming

• View relay Status
• View/edit setting off-line with setting file
  manager
• On-line instruction manual
• Download view oscillography in Comtrade format

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Event Recorder Capture Screen
The three main types of data - Snapshot data,
Oscillographic data, and Settings data - can be
accessed from this screen, the Event recorder.
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Snapshot Data
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Oscillographic Data
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Settings Change Data
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UR Relay Types

• F30 Feeder Management Relay (9/98)
• L90 Line Current Differential (11/98)
• C30 Controller/Metering (2/99)
• C60 Controller/Metering/Breaker Failure (4/99)
• F60 Feeder Management Relay (4/99)
• T60 Transformer Management relay (4/99)
• D60 Line Distance Relay (5/99)
• L60 Line Current Phase Comparison Relay (6/99)

Staged release of enhancements to platform and
individual relay models
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Substation Automation
The UR Relay is the Engine for Substation
Automation
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UR - The Universal Relay
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UR L90 Line Differential Relay
An integrated transmission line protection
system for series compensated lines
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Power to Protect Your Lines
Connectivity

• ModBus RTU
• MMS/UCA2TM Protocols
• SI Compatibility

Flexibility

• FlexCurves
• FlexLogic
• FlexModules
• Other Features

The second Relay designed from the ground up
around the MMS/UCA 2TM Ethernet communications
standard. Giving you the flexibility,
connectivity and power to manage your facility.
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Presentation Overview

• Applications
• Protection and Control
• New Unique Concepts
• User Interfaces
• Order Codes

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L90 Line Differential Relay
Applications
The L90 is a digital current differential relay
system intended to provide complete protection
for transmission lines of any voltage level.

• Overhead Lines and Cables
• Lines with 2 Terminals
• EHV, HV, Sub-Transmission
• With/ without Series Compensation

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L90 Line Differential Relay
Transmission Line Protection Metering
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Protection Control Functions

• Current Differential with Adaptive Restraint
• High Speed Tripping, 1/2 - 2 cycles
• Backup Overcurrent
• Direct Transfer Trip
• Stub Bus Protection

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L90 Line Differential Relay
Current Differential Scheme

• Similar to a Percentage Restraint Scheme
• Adaptive Statistical Restraint
• Adaptive Based on Relay Measurements
• More Accurate and Sensitive Fault Sensing
• Detects High Impedance Single Line to Ground
• Faults that Existing Systems may not Detect

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L90 Line Differential Relay
New Unique Concepts
Three key technical considerations in designing a
new current differential relay

• Data Consolidation
• Restraint Characteristic
• Sampling Synchronization

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L90 Line Differential Relay
Data Consolidation
Extract appropriate parameters to be transmitted
from raw samples of transmission line currents

• Balance between transient response and bandwidth
  
• Phase consolidation
• Phase current information is combined
• Faulted phase information is lost
• L90 does not use phase consolidation
• Time consolidation
• Reduces communication bandwidth requirements
• Improves security caused by single corrupted
  data sample
• L90 uses time consolidation

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L90 Line Differential Relay
Phaselets Concept
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Phaselets Concept - Prefault
Phaselet 1
Phaselet 4
Phaselet 6
Phaselet 8
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Phaselets Concept - Fault
Phaselet 9
Phaselet 12
Phaselet 14
Phaselet 16
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Phaselets Concept - Fault
Phaselet Simulation on Noisy Waveform
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Phaselets Concept - Fault
Phaselet Simulation on Noisy Waveform
Convergence of uncertainty area to equivalent of
full cycle Fourier Transform.
Decreasing area of uncertainty (or variance
error) as phaslet window size increases.
Phaselets improve operating speed while
maintaining security.
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Restraint Characteristic
Classic Dual-Slope Restraint Characteristic
Protected Element
I2
I1
Iop I1 I2
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Restraint Characteristic
L90 combines the classic method with adaptive
elliptical restraint to improve both security and
dependability.
Classic Dual-slope Characteristic
L90 - Adaptive Elliptical Restraint
Im
Iop
Re
Dynamic restraint region based on magnitude of
the variance error measurement (i.e. the
difference between the actual values measured and
the estimated data from the Fourier Transform
calculation)
When the waveform is distorted due to CT
saturation, harmonic content, or fault initiation
transients, the restraint region will grow larger.
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Sampling Synchronization
L90 uses distributed clock synchronization

• Clocks are synchronized to each other (no master
  clock)
• Phases are synchronized to each other
• Primary source is current measurements
• Secondary source is time tagged messages
  (ping-pong)
• Timing error is driven to zero
• Phase angle deviations are minimized (lt0.6
  degree)
• Clocks are synchronized to the power system
  frequency
• Eliminates one source of error in phasor
  measurements
• Loop filter adjusts clock frequency
• Uses frequency and phase angle deviation

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L90 Line Differential Relay
Sampling Synchronization
Current differential requires both relays to be
in time synchronization for differential
calculations.
Tx Rx
Rx Tx
L90 2
L90 1
Ping-Pong Synchronization Technique
t0
tf forward travel time
Communications Channel
tf tr t3 - t0 - (t2 - t1) 2
tf
t1
t2
Traditional Ping-Pong synchronization technique
assumes forward time delay (tf) is equal to the
return travel time (tr). This is NOT the case
for communications equipment found in the
utility/industrial environment.
tr
tr return travel time
t3
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Sampling Synchronization
L90 Improvements on Ping-Pong Synchronization
scheme

• Minimizes variance on channel delays and jitter
  by averaging
• Ping-Pong calculations
• Implements a DPLL (digital phase-locked-loop)
  allowing the
• Ping-Pong algorithm to stabilize to new path
  delays.
• Calculates phase error at each end due to
  channel delays and
• compensates clocks at both ends

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L90 Line Differential Relay
Flexibility

• Relay Channels
• FlexCurvesTM
• FlexLogicTM
• FlexModulesTM
• Metering and Monitoring

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L90 Line Differential Relay
Relay Channels
Two Terminal Communication Channels

• 820 nm Multi-mode Fiber (LED)
• 1300 nm Multi-mode Fiber (LED)
• 1300 nm Single-mode Fiber (ELED)
• 1300 nm Single-mode Fiber (Laser)
• G.703 (April 99)
• RS422 (April 99)

Three Terminal Available in April 99
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L90 Line Differential Relay
FlexCurves
Typical application of FlexCurves When the
protection curves used for lateral taps 2 and 3
differ custom FlexCurves can be constructed to
coordinate with both.
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Monitoring

• Fault Location
• IRIG-B Time Synchronization
• CT Failure/Current Unbalance
• Trip Circuit Monitors
• Channel Monitor
• Test Features
• Local loopback for channel
• Manual test mode
• Playback of oscillography files

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L90 Line Differential Relay
User Interfaces

• PROTECTIVE COVER
• Protects keypad when not in use
• Can be fitted with a seal

• RESET KEY
• Clears event, EVENT CAUSE LED
• indicators, and latched alarms

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L90 Line Differential Relay
User Interfaces
STATUS INDICATORS IN SERVICE The relay is
operating normally TROUBLE Self-test
detected a problem TEST MODE The relay is in
test mode TRIP A trip command had been
issued ALARM An alarm condition is
present PICKUP Pickup condition detected

• RS232 SERIAL PORT
• Connect to a PC to run URPC
• Use for downloading settings, monitoring data,
  sequence of events reports, Oscillography

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L90 Line Differential Relay
User Interfaces
EVENT CAUSE LED INDICATORS VOLTAGE Event
caused by voltage CURRENT Event caused by
current FREQUENCY Not applicable OTHER
Not applicable
PHASE A Indicates which PHASE B
phase was PHASE C involved
NEUTRAL/GROUND

• RS232 SERIAL PORT
• Connect to a PC to run URPC
• Use for downloading settings, monitoring data,
  sequence of events reports, Oscillography

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L90 Line Differential Relay
User Interfaces

• DISPLAY
• 40 character vacuum fluorescent display
• Visible in dim lighting or at any angle
• Used for programming, monitoring, status,
• fault diagnosis, user programmable
• messages and settings

• KEYPAD
• Numerical keypad and command keys
• allow full access to the relay
• Rubber keypad is dust tight and
• splash-proof with door
• Website address via HELP for technical
• support

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L90 Line Differential Relay
User Interfaces
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L90 Line Differential Relay
User Interfaces
POWERFUL PROCESSORS Numerical data processing
using a 32 bit CPU and DSP for high speed
complex task processing
PROGRAM UPDATING Flash memory storage of firmware
for field updating via communications port.
Enables product updating on-site for latest
features.
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L90 Line Differential Relay
Order Code
L90 - 00 - H C - F - H - L - N
- S- U- W
Base Unit L90
Base Unit CPU A
RS485 RS485
C RS485 10BaseF
D
RS485 Redundant 10BaseF Software
Options 00 No software
options Mounting H
Horizontal Faceplate
C Faceplate with keypad
and display Power Supply
L 24/48 V (Low) 19-60
VDC, 19-81 VAC H
125/250 V (High) 88-300 VDC,
70-265 VAC CT/VT 8A
Standard 4CT/4VT Digital I/O
XX No module
6G 4 Form-A, 8 inputs
6I 4 SCR outputs, 16
inputs Digital I/O 6A
6A 6A 6A 2 Form-A, 2 Form-C, 8
inputs 6B 6B 6B
6B 2 Form-A, 2 Form-C, 4 inputs 6C
6C 6C 6C 8 Form-C
outputs 6D 6D
6D 6D 16 Inputs 6E
6E 6E 6E 4 Form-C, 8 inputs 6F
6F 6F 6F 4 Form-A, 8
inputs 6G 6G 6G
6G 8 Fast Form-C outputs 6H
6H 6H 6H 4 Form-A, 8 inputs 6I
6I 6I 6I 6 Form-A, 4
inputs 6J 6J 6J
6J 4 SS SCR outputs, 8 inputs 6K
6K 6K 6K 4 Form-C, 4 Fast
Form-C Inter-Relay Communications
7A 820 nm, multi-mode, LED, 2
Terminal 7B 1300 nm,
multi-mode, LED, 2 Terminal
7C 1300 nm, single-mode, ELED, 2
Terminal 7D 1300 nm,
single-mode, LASER, 2 Terminal
7R G.703 2 Terminal
7T RS422 2 Terminal
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UR L90 Line Differential Relay
An integrated transmission line protection
system for series compensated lines