CARBON

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CARBON
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FUN, FAST FACTS

• ATOMIC NUMBER 6
• ATOMIC MASS 12.01
• ATOMIC SYMBOL C
• CLASSIFICATION NON-METALLIC
• COLOR BLACK, COLORLESS

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
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HISTORY OF CARBON

• THIS ELEMENT OF PREHISTORIC DISCOVERY IS FOUND
  THROUGHOUT NATURE
• FOUND IN STARS, SUN, COMETS, ATOMSPHERES
• THE ENERGY OF THE SUN AND THE STARS CAN BE
  ATTRIBUTED TO THE CARBON CYCLE

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3 TYPES OF CARBON

• CARBON CAN BE FOUND IN THREE DIFFERENT FORMS
• GRAPHITE
• DIAMONDS
• FULLERENE
• (aka BUCKYBALLS)

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CARBON AS GRAPHITE

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GREAT GRAPHITE

• LAYERED ATOMIC STRUCTURE-THERFORE PRODUCES A WEAK
  FORCE, AND IS EXTREMELY BREAKABLE
• SOFT, SLIPPERY
• MOST COMMONLY USED AS PENCIL LEAD

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CARBON DIAMONDS

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DIAMOND DATA

• DIAMONDS HAVE AN ATOMIC SHAPE THAT ENSURES A
  TIGHT BOND
• EACH CARBON ATOM IS THE SAME DISTANCE FROM
  ANOTHER ATOM
• DIAMONDS ARE USED FOR CUTTING HARD OBJECTS AND
  FOR DECORATION (JEWELERY)

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FULLERENE

• -ALSO KNOWN AS THE BUCKYBALL
• -RECENTLY DISCOVERED
• -CONSISTS OF 60 CARBON ATOMS
• -C60
• -STILL BEING RESEARCHED

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BUCKYBALL

• THIS COMPLEX MOLECULE CAN BE ALTERED WITH A
  SINGLE ATOM TO CHANGE ITS PROPERTIES
• NAMED AFTER ROBERT BUCKMINISTER FULLER
• THIS MOLECULE HAS BEEN MAKING HEADLINES IN
  NANOTECHNOLOGY AND HOW THE DRUG INDUSTRY HAS
  INTEREST IN IT

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COSTS OF CARBON

• -AS OF 1990, CARBON-13 WAS COMMERICIALLY
  AVAILABLE AT A COST OF ABOUT 700/GRAM.

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CARBON CYCLE
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CARBON IN THE LITHOSPHERE

• PLANTS ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE FROM ATMOSPHERE, AND
  USE IT TO MAKE SUBSTANCES NEEDED FOR GROWTH
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS INCORPORATES CARBON ATOMS FROM C02
  TO SUGARS

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LITHOSPHERE CONT.

• ANIMALS (RABBIT) EAT PLANTS AND USE CARBON TO
  BUILD TISSUES
• OTHER ANIMALS (FOX) EAT RABBIT AND USE CARBON FOR
  OWN NEEDS
• ANIMALS RETURN C02 INTO AIR WHEN THEY BREATHE,
  AND WHEN THEY DIE (BECAUSE CARBON IS RETURED TO
  SOIL DURING DECOMPOSITION)

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CARBON IN THE HYDROSPHERE

• C02 ABSORBED INTO BODIES OF H20
• SOME OF DISSOLVED C02 REMAINS IN WATER WHILE SOME
  IS USED BY ALGAE AND PHYTOPLANKTON THROUGH
  PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• MOLLUSCS (MUSSELS, CLAMS AND OYSTERS) MAKE SHELLS
  OF CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM C02

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HYDROSPHERE CONTINUED

• ONCE MUSSLES DIE, SHELLS FALL TO BOTTOM WITH HARD
  CALCIUM CARBONATE AND BECOMES COMPRESSED,
  CEMENTED TOGETHER, AND EVENTUALLY FOSSILISED INTO
  ROCKS LIKE CHALK, LIMESTONE, AND MARBLE

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CARBON IN THE ATMOSPHERE

• COMBUSTION OCCURS WHEN ORGANIC MATERIAL IS
  REACTED (BURNED) IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN TO GIVE
  OFF C02

• -DURING CONBUSTION, OXYGEN IS USED AND CABON
  DIOXIDE IS PRODUCED PLUS WATER

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SMOKESTACK

• ORGANIC MATERIAL CAN BE ANY FOSSIL FUEL SUCH AS
  NATURAL GAS, (METHANE) OIL, OR COAL

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• CARBON DIOXIDE WATER (h20) -gt CARBOHYDRATE
  OXYGEN

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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RESPIRATION

• CARBOHYDRATE OXYGEN-gt CARBON DIOXIDE OXYGEN

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CALCIUM CARBONATE

• CALCIUM CARBONATE-gt CALCIUM OXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE

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OIL AND COAL

• WHEN TREES DIE, THEY FALL INTO SWAMPY MUD, WITH A
  LACK OF OXYGEN. THEREFORE, NORMAL DECOMPOSITION
  CANNOT OCCUR

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OIL AND COAL II

• TREES BECOME FOSSILISED (COAL IS THEN FORMED)
• OIL FORMS FROM TINY DEAD PLANTS TRAPPED AT THE
  BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN OR MURKY WATER

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RELATE COAL TO CARBON

• THE PROCESS IN WHICH OIL AND COAL ARE MADE, IS
  RELATIVE TO THE CARBON CYCLE BECAUSE ALL LIVING
  ORGANISMS AND THE PROCESSES ARE MADE UP OF CARBON
  

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RECAP OF CYCLES

• HYDROSPHERE, LITHOSPHERE, AND ATMOSPHERE AGAIN!

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CARBON CYCLE, AS EASY AS 1, 2, 3
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COMPLEX CARBON CYCLE
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WHERE THE CYCLE BEGINS

• THE ATMOSPHERE CONTAINS CARBON DIOXIDE
• THROUGH THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PLANTS
  TAKE IN CARBON, CONTINUING THE CYCLE IN THE
  LITHOSPHERE
• WHEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS EXCEEDS RESPIRATION, ORGANIC
  MATTER BUILDS UP TO FORM COAL AND OIL DEPOSITS

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The major exchange of carbon between the
atmosphere and the lithosphere results from
photosynthesis and respiration
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CARBON AND RESPIRATION

• RESPIRATION IS PART OF THE PROCESS OF THE CARBON
  CYCLE IN THE LITHOSPHERE
• ONCE ANIMALS BREAK DOWN CARBOHYDRATES IN PLANT
  TISSUES, THEY RELEASE IT TO THE ATMOSPHERE (THE
  CYCLE THEN CONINUES BACK TO THE LITHOSPHERE OR
  GOES TO THE HYDROSPHERE)

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CARBON AND RESPIRATION CONTINUED

• WHEN ANIMALS RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE TO THE
  ATMOSPHERE, THEY DECOMPOSE, DECAY, AND FROM POOLS
  OF ENERGY CALLED FOSSIL FULES (INCLUDING COAL,
  OIL, AND NATURAL GASES)

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CARBON IN THE HYDROSPHERE

• CARBON IS ABSORBED IN THE WATER BY PHYTOPLANKTON
  TO MAKE SHELL OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND BECOME
  SEDIMENTS ONCE THEY DIE

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CARBON IN HYDROSPHERE CONT.

• CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE IS CONTROLLED BY THE SEA
  SURFACE TEMPERATURE, CIRCULATING CURRENTS, AND
  THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PHYTOSYNTHESIS AND
  RESPIRATION

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MORE CARBON IN HYDROSPHERE

• CARBON DIOXIDE CAN DISSOVLE EASILY AND THE AMOUNT
  THAT THE OCEAN CAN HOLD DEPENDS ON THE OCEAN
  TEMPERATURE AND HOW MUCH CARBON IS ALREADY IN THE
  OCEAN
• WHEN THE OCEAN IN COLD, MORE CARBON IS ARBORBED,
  AND WHEN THE TEMP. IS WARM, CO2 IS RELEASED TO
  THE SURFACE

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THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• CARBON DIOXIDE CONTRIBUTES

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THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• KEEPS ALL EARHTS HEAT FROM ESCAPING TO THE OUTER
  ATMOPSHERE
• CARBON RESPONSIBLE FOR GREENHOUSE GASES AND 55
  OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• CARBON DIOXIDE IS TRANSPARENT TO LIGHT BUT OPAQUE
  TO HEAT RAYS, THEREFORE THE ATMOSPHERE RETARDS
  THE RAIATION OF HEAT FROM THE EARTH BACK INTO
  SPACE

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• PICTURE RESOURCES
• www.pmel.noaa.gov/ co2/gif/globcar.png
• www.safeclimate.net/. ../carboncycle.php
• geosun1.sjsu.edu/ dreed/105/exped7/4.html
• www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/ carbon/efcarbon.html
• www.webelements.com/.../ text/C/xtal.html
• www.netl.doe.gov/.../ carbon-flux-diagram
• www.mkdandj.com/ loosediamonds/

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CONTINUED

• 13 September 2004. http//library.thinkquest.org/1
  1226/why.htm.
• 13 September 2004. www.co2science.org/
• 13 September 2004. http//earthobservatory.nasa.go
  v/library/carboncycle
• 13 September 2004. www.elmhurst.edu/chm/vchembook
  /306carbon.html
• 17 September 2004. www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/modul
  es/carbon/carbon1.html
• 17 September 2004. pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/elemen
  ts/6.html

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EVEN MORE!!!!!!!

• 17 September 2004. www.environment.allinfoabout.co
  m/carbon.html
• 19 September 2004. www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/climat
  e/gccarbon1.html