MIDDLE EAST

1
MIDDLE EAST
2
GEOGRAPHY

• Civilizations begin in river valleys
• Crossroads of the world
• Ltd. water, oil unevenly distributed

3
ANCIENT CIVS.

• Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent land between
  Tigris Euphrates Rivers
• Egypt Pharaohs- dynasties Gift of the Nile
• Hebrews
• Babylonians

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ACCOMPLISHMENTS
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ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• Cuneiform, wheeled vehicles, ziggurats -
  Sumerians
• pyramids, papyrus, hieroglyphics - Egyptians
• Monotheism Hebrews
• Hanging gardens, Hammurabis Code Babylonians

6
GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM

                                                                                                         

• Arab armies and traders spread Islamic civ.
  across N. Africa, Spain, India 750 A.D.
• Great advancements in math, science, medicine,
  literature

7
CRUSADES

• 1050s Seljuk Turks conquer Palestine
• Christian Church calls for Crusade, to drive
  Muslims out of Holy Land
• Christians do not regain Palestine, but distrust
  remained between Christians and Muslims
• Trade increases, Europeans introduced to advances
  of Islamic world

8
BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• Eastern Roman empire
• Capital at Constantinople
• Justinian emperor, law code
• Orthodox Christianity
• Preserves Greek, Roman, and Christian culture
• Language, govt, art, architecture, influence
  Russia

9
OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• Conquers Byzantine Emp. In 1453
• Extends Muslim influence
• Suleiman strengthens govt, military, culture
• Decline of empire from 1700s WWI, as Europes
  economy and military gets stronger

10
Turkey

• Kemal Ataturk Former military officer overthrew
  Sultan and defeated Western powers
• Declared Turkey a republic
• Separated religion and Government.
• Whose westernization policies were Ataturks
  similar too?-

11
IMPERIALISM

• European nations divide up Middle East
• Suez Canal built 1869, later quest for oil

12
Egypt
                                                                              

• Results from Imperialism
• Gamel Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt desired
  Pan-Arabism, land reform and builds the Aswan Dam
• Egypt takes back Suez Canal 1956 defies GB and
  France
• Prompt ME struggles to maintain peace.
• What are some reasons for this? How is the
  international community involved?

13
Forces shaping the Modern ME

• Religious ethnic tension
• Muslims, Christians and Jews- with different
  Sects
• 30 languages
• Religious, racial and cultural prejudices
• Desire for a united Arab state

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Forces shaping the Modern ME

• Natural Resource
• Largest oil fields in the world
• Oil rich nations have and political power
• Limited water supply

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Forces shaping the Modern ME

• Governments
• Democracy- Turkey, Israel, Iraq, Afghanistan
• Royal Families Saudi Arabia, Jordan
• Theocracy Iran
• Dictatorship- Syria

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Forces shaping the Modern ME

• Islamic Traditions
• Laws of Islam in government, society and personal
  life
• Anti-western feelings
• 1990s revival of Islamic traditions

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Opening scene of Argo

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?v_6RGeqNFaQM
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vQ_AHJQiMxIw

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IRANIAN REVOLUTION 1979

• Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi westernizes,
  modernizes Iran but rules as dictator
• Islamic Fundamentalism strict adherence to
  Muslim traditions
• Ayatollah Khomeini, Islamic Fundamentalist seizes
  power, set up Islamic Republic
• U.S. hostage crisis 52 hostages held from
  11/79- 1/81

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Hostage Crisis

• US plans a rescue of hostages but it fails
• Hostages are finally released the minute after
  Ronald Reagan is inaugurated (just to spite
  Carter)- Jan 1981
• Carters presidency was over when the rescue plan
  failed

20
Khomeinis Control

• Women wear chadors
• Anyone opposed to him or loyal to the shah were
  killed
• Western books and music were banned
• Iran encouraged Muslims in other countries to
  overthrow secular governments

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IMPACT OF REV.

• New govt hostile to west
• Strict adherence to Islam
• Many womens rights taken away
• Iran encourages other revolutions
• Khomeini dies 1989

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IRAN IRAQ WAR

• 1980 Saddam Hussein invades Iran over disputed
  border territory
• Iran is Shiite (rightful leader a descendant of
  Ali, who was chosen by Muhammad)
• Iraq is Sunni (rightful leader chosen by Muslim
  community)
• Millions killed
• Oil shipments disrupted
• 1988 U.N. ceasefire

23
Hassan Rouhani

• 7th and current President
• he said he would prepare a "civil rights
  charter", restore the economy and improve rocky
  relations with the West.
•  Rouhani is viewed as politically moderate.

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Current Ayatollah Supreme leader

• Ali Khamenei
• Protests against him for human rights issues

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ISRAEL formed after WWII and Holocaust

• Diaspora dispersion of Jews from homeland
  around the world
• Zionism / Theodore Herzl movement and leader
  for a Jewish state in Palestine
• Balfour Declaration 1917 British document
  supporting a Jewish state

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ARAB-ISRAELI WARS

• U.N. partitions Palestine in 1947
• Israel is a nation in 1949

Israel 1948-1949
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David Daud

• Cite evidence from the readings that support
  Davids reasoning why Israel should have been
  formed.

• Cite evidence from the reading that explains
  Dauds reaction to the creation of Israel.

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ISRAEL

• Arab neighbors soon attack
• More wars Israel takes more territory from
• Arab neighbors
• Suez Crisis 1956
• 6 Day War 1967
• Yom Kippur War (on holiest holiday)1973

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CAMP DAVID ACCORDS 1979
Egypts Anwar Sadat
U.S President Jimmy Carter
Israels MenachemBegin
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Camp David Accords

• Ended the war between Israel and Egypt
• Egypt gets the Sinai back
• Israel is FINALLY recognized as a nation. Egypt
  signs a treaty.
• 1st Arab nation to recognize the existence of
  Israel
• Sadat is assassinated by extremists

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PLO

• Palestinian Liberation Organization
• Led by Yasir Arafat
• Used terrorist and guerilla tactics against
  Israelis
• bombings., hijackings, massacre of Israeli
  athletes at 1972 Munich Olympics
• CNN Munich coverage

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Reaction of the Palestinians

• Intifada since 1987, uprising of young
  Palestinians defying Israeli soldiers, throwing
  rocks, homemade bombs

33
1993 Peace Talks

• Yasir Arafat (PLO) and Yitzhak Rabin agree to
  peace at the White House
• Rabin later assassinated

34
TODAY

• Limited Palestinian self-rule, but no independent
  Palestinian state
• Israelis continue to build settlements on
  Palestinian claimed land
• Since 2000, Palestinian riots and suicide
  bombings
• Israeli attacks on Palestinian areas
• 2002 roadmap of peace working toward Palestinian
  state, but terrorism and violence continues

35
OIL / OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries

• Creates great wealth, major changes, but huge
  disparity
• Source of wars and territorial dispute

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PERSIAN GULF WAR

• Iraq invades oil-rich Kuwait 1990
• U.N. imposes economic sanctions
• Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein does not leave

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Desert Storm

• UN approved attack against Iraq
• US leads 28 other nations
• War lasts 4 days, 100 hour war
• United States is victorious

38
Afghanistan

• Post USSR Taliban takes control of government
• Severe restrictions Conservative Islamic rule
• Osama Bin Laden uses country to train followers
  and plan attacks on the West
• September 11, 2001 WTC struck by al qaeda
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vGmedslmeiUc
• 9/11 documentary
• US response invasion of Afghanistan

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WAR IN IRAQ

• By 2003 U.S. and Great Britain convinced Saddam
  Hussein is hiding weapons of mass destruction
  (WMDS)
• Iraq invaded without U.N. support
• Saddam Hussein captured, large scale fighting
  over
• He is captured and tried for Crimes against
  Humanity for using poison gas on Kurdish people.
  Found GUILTY
• Peacekeeping forces rebuilding Iraq and its
  government
• Problems still include resistance, terrorism,
  ethnic and religious divisions

40
SOCIAL ISSUES

• Modernization and westernization vs. traditional
  Muslim values
• Some women expected to be subordinate, but
  urbanization and modernization creating tensions
• Women can now vote in all Middle Eastern nations
  except Saudi Arabia (monarchy)
• Many Muslim nations accept western technology,
  but not values and culture