BIOTECHNOLOGY

1
BIOTECHNOLOGY

• How can we use DNA to help humans?

2
DNA Fingerprinting

• Each individual (except clones and identical
  twins) has a unique DNA sequence.
• This sequence can be used to produce a DNA
  fingerprint, a unique band pattern of DNA
  fragments.

3
Fill It In

• Compare a DNA fingerprint with a typical
  fingerprint

4
DNA Fingerprinting

• A DNA fingerprint is produced using a gel
  electrophoresis.
• A gel electrophoresis is a machine that separates
  pieces of DNA based on size (the number of base
  pairs)

5
DNA Fingerprinting

• The process of producing a DNA fingerprint can be
  described in three basic steps
• 1. A restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA
  sample into pieces. A restriction enzyme binds
  to a specific sequence of DNA bases, called a
  restriction site, and cuts (cleaves) the DNA
  between two of the bases in that site. This
  produces many pieces of different sizes.

6
DNA Fingerprinting

• The process of producing a DNA fingerprint can be
  described in three basic steps
• 2. Once the restriction enzymes have recognized
  all the restriction sites and have cleaved the
  DNA into pieces, the sample is loaded into a gel
  for electrophoresis.

7
DNA Fingerprinting

• The process of producing a DNA fingerprint can be
  described in three basic steps
• Electricity forces the DNA pieces to move through
  the gel. Smaller pieces are able to move farther
  than larger pieces. The electrophoresis creates
  a separation of pieces by size - making a column
  of bands.

8
Gel electrophoresis

• A method of separating DNA in a gelatin-like
  material using an electrical field
• DNA is negatively charged
• when its in an electrical field it moves toward
  the positive side

DNA ? ? ? ? ? ? ?


swimming through Jello
9
DNA Fingerprinting

• The process of producing a DNA fingerprint can be
  described in three basic steps
• 3. The DNA sequence of different individuals
  will have different numbers of restriction sites,
  or restriction sites in slightly different
  places. The variation of restriction sites means
  that an individuals band pattern will likely be
  different from other individuals.

10
DNA fingerprint

• Why is each persons DNA pattern different?
• sections of junk DNA
• doesnt code for proteins
• made up of repeated patterns
• CAT, GCC, and others
• each person may have different number of repeats
• many sites on our 23 chromosomes with different
  repeat patterns

GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATTCGCCGGCCTACGCTT CGAACATTGC
CGGAGTAGTAGTAAGCGGCCGGATGCGAA
GCTTGTAACGGCATCATCATCATCATCATCCGGCCTACGCTT CGAACAT
TGCCGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGTAGGCCGGATGCGAA
11
DNA Fingerprinting

• The process of producing a DNA fingerprint can be
  described in three basic steps
• 3. By comparing band patterns, we can determine
  many things.

12
Uses Forensics

• Comparing DNA sample from crime scene with
  suspects victim

suspects
crime scene sample
S1
S2
S3
V

DNA ?

13
Fill It In

• Find ONE WORD that describes each of the three
  steps of making a DNA fingerprint. A hint is
  given! Write the word below
• C_______
• E_______
• C_______

14
DNA fingerprints can be used for several
applications

• A DNA Fingerprint can be used for several
  reasons. A DNA fingerprint can be used to
  identify an individual, or determine the source
  of DNA left at a crime scene.
• Example a bloody knife was found a short
  distance from a murder victim. Two suspects have
  been identified
• Blood on Knife Victim Suspect A Suspect B
• ____ ____
  ____
• ____
  ____
• ____ ____
  ____
• ____ ____
• ____ ____
  
  ____ ____

15
DNA fingerprints can be used for several
applications

• Explanation the blood on the knife came from two
  sources - the victim and another person (we can
  eliminate the bands of the victim, but other
  bands remain). By comparing the remaining bands,
  it is clear that Suspect A is cleared, and
  Suspect B is . suspect
• Blood on Knife Victim Suspect A Suspect B
• ____ ____
  ____
• ____
  ____
• ____ ____
  ____
• ____ ____
• ____ ____
  
  ____ ____

16
Fill It In

• Highlight the shortest piece of DNA in this
  fingerprint.
• Blood on Knife Victim Suspect A Suspect B
• ____ ____
  ____
• ____
  ____
• ____ ____
  ____
• ____ ____
• ____ ____
  
  ____ ____
• What tool/process was used to create this
  fingerprint?

17
Electrophoresis use in forensics

• Evidence from murder trial
• Do you think suspect is guilty?

blood sample 1 from crime scene
blood sample 2 from crime scene
blood sample 3 from crime scene
standard
blood sample from suspect
OJ Simpson
blood sample from victim 1
N Brown
blood sample from victim 2
R Goldman
standard
18
DNA fingerprints can be used for several
applications

• A DNA Fingerprint can be used to determine the
  paternity of a child.

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Uses Paternity

• Whos the father?

DNA ?

20
DNA fingerprints can be used for several
applications

• Example a millionaire has been charged with
  several paternity cases. His lawyer ordered DNA
  Fingerprints
• Richy Rich Mother A Child A
  Mother B Child B
  Mother C Child C
• _____ _____ _____
  _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____ _____
• _____
• _____ _____
• _____ ____
  _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____
  _____

21
DNA fingerprints can be used for several
applications

• Explanation because half of your DNA is
  inherited from your mother and half from your
  father, each band in a childs patter will also
  appear in either the pattern of the mother or of
  the father.
• Richy Rich Mother A
  Child A Mother B
  Child B Mother C
  Child C
• _____ _____ _____
  _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____ _____
• _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____
  _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____
  _____

22
DNA fingerprints can be used for several
applications

• Explanation Child A could NOT be Richy Richs
  child because of the third band in the childs
  pattern. Child C could NOT be Richy Richs child
  based on the third band in the childs pattern.
  Child B COULD be Richy Richs child.
• Richy Rich Mother A
  Child A Mother B
  Child B Mother C
  Child C
• _____ _____ _____
  _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____ _____
• _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____
  _____
• _____ _____
• _____ _____
  _____

23
Fill It In

• How is analyzing a DNA fingerprint for paternity
  DIFFERENT than analyzing a fingerprint to
  identify an individuals DNA from a crime scene?

24
Uses Evolutionary relationships

• Comparing DNA samples from different organisms to
  measure evolutionary relationships

turtle
snake
rat
squirrel
fruitfly

DNA ?

25
DNA fingerprints can be used for several
applications

• DNA fingerprinting can be used to catalog
  endangered species.
• For example, researchers have developed DNA banks
  of endangered species protected by law.
• This allows them to prove if endangered species
  are used in products, such as medicines or food.

26
Check Yourself!

1. What is a DNA Fingerprint?
2. What technology is used to make a DNA
   Fingerprint?
3. What type of enzymes are used to cut DNA?
4. What are three uses for DNA fingerprinting?

27
Check Yourself!

1. What is a DNA Fingerprint? A UNIQUE BAND OF DNA
   FRAGMENTS
2. What technology is used to make a DNA
   Fingerprint?
3. What type of enzymes are used to cut DNA?
4. What are three uses for DNA fingerprinting?

28
Check Yourself!

1. What is a DNA Fingerprint? A UNIQUE BAND OF DNA
   FRAGMENTS
2. What technology is used to make a DNA
   Fingerprint? GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
3. What type of enzymes are used to cut DNA?
4. What are three uses for DNA fingerprinting?

29
Check Yourself!

1. What is a DNA Fingerprint? A UNIQUE BAND OF DNA
   FRAGMENTS
2. What technology is used to make a DNA
   Fingerprint? GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
3. What type of enzymes are used to cut DNA?
   RESTRICTION ENZYMES
4. What are three uses for DNA fingerprinting?

30
Check Yourself!

• What is a DNA Fingerprint? A UNIQUE BAND OF DNA
  FRAGMENTS
• What technology is used to make a DNA
  Fingerprint? GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• What type of enzymes are used to cut DNA?
  RESTRICTION ENZYMES
• What are three uses for DNA fingerprinting?
• CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
• DETERMINING PATERNITY
• CATALOG ENDANGERED SPECIES

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Who Stole the Lollypop?

• Who Stole the Lollypop?
• A Link for the Missing
• DNA Fingerprint Lab turn it in
• DNA Fingerprint Practice

32
Genetic Engineering

• Video Genetic Modification (PBS Learning Media)

33
Genetic Engineering
p. 87

• Genetic engineering is the modification of DNA.
• Modification means changing, such as adding or
  removing parts of the DNA sequence.

34
Genetic Engineering

• Genetic engineering may be used to produce a
  transgenic organism (an organism which contains
  foreign DNA) to use in gene therapy or gene
  cloning.

35
Fill It In

• WORD HELP!
• trans means to __________
• genic means ___________

36
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• Genetic engineering can be used to create a
  transgenic organism

37
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• Restriction enzymes are used to cleave the
  foreign DNA source in order to isolate the
  desired gene.
• For example, removing the insulin gene from human
  DNA

38
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• The same restriction enzyme is used to cleave the
  vector (which may be a bacterial plasmid).
• A vector is the structure used to carry the
  foreign DNA.

39
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• The foreign DNA fragment (the desired gene) and
  the vector are combined/spliced together.

40
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• The combination is possible for two reasons.
• First, DNA is similar in all organisms.
• Second, the same restriction enzyme is used on
  both samples of DNA

41
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• The combined DNA (called recombinant DNA) is
  inserted into the host (which may be a bacteria
  cell)
• The host cell will copy/clone the recombinant DNA
  as it reproduces and will produce the protein
  (such as insulin) from the desired gene during
  protein synthesis.

42
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications
43
Fill It In

• How are each of the words related to genetic
  engineering?
• Vector -
• Recombinant DNA -
• Host cell -

44
Fill It In

• Find ONE WORD that completes the short
  description of each of the four steps. A hint is
  given! Write the word below
• C_________ DNA
• V_________ opened
• C_________ together
• I__________ into host

45
Weird Science!

• 5 percent of U.S. corn and 85 percent of U.S.
  soybeans are genetically engineered, and its
  estimated that 70 to 75 percent of processed
  foods on grocery store

46
Glow in the dark cats
47
Enviropig

• Digest and process phosphorus

48
Pollution- fighting plants

• Absorb and clean soil through their roots

49
Venomous Cabbage

• Scorpion Venom to kill caterpillars but not
  harmful to humans

50
Web Spinning Goats

• Silk protein in their milk

51
Fast Growing Samon
52
Flavr Savr Tomato

• Slow ripening time

53
Vaccine Banana

• People may soon be getting vaccinated for
  diseases like hepatitis B and cholera by simply
  taking a bite of banana.
• Researchers have successfully engineered bananas,
  potatoes, lettuce, carrots and tobacco to produce
  vaccines

54
Less-flatulent cows

• Cows produce significant amounts of methane as a
  result of their digestion process its produced
  by a bacterium thats a byproduct of cows
  high-cellulosic diets that include grass and hay

55
GM Trees!

• Grow Faster
• Freezing temperatures,
• Loblolly pines have been created with less
  lignin, the substance that gives trees their
  rigidity.
• In 2003, the Pentagon even awarded Colorado State
  researchers 500,000 to develop pine trees that
  change color when exposed to biological or
  chemical attack.

56
Medicine Eggs

• British scientists have created a breed of
  genetically modified hens that produce
  cancer-fighting medicines in their eggs.
• The animals have had human genes added to their
  DNA so that human proteins are secreted into the
  whites of their eggs, along with complex
  medicinal proteins similar to drugs used to treat
  skin cancer and other diseases

57
Super carbon-capturing plants

• Absorb more carbon dioxide

58
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• Genetic engineering may be used for gene therapy.

59
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• Gene therapy has been used to treat Severe
  Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) and cystic
  fibrosis (CF).
• It has been shown to be safe for up to 10 years
  to treat SCID, but patients have the risk of
  developing leukemia

60
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• Gene therapy has been used to treat Severe
  Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) and cystic
  fibrosis (CF).
• In treating cystic fibrosis, the results hav been
  limited because the patients immune system is
  fighting off the virus used to carry the correct
  gene to the target cells.

61
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• Defective genes are identified within the DNA
  sequence.
• Individuals may be tested for the presence of the
  defective gene (for example, the IL2RG gene in
  SCIDS)

62
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• A functioning gene isolated from a donors DNA is
  packaged into a vector/carrier (such as a cold
  virus used for CF gene therapy)

63
Genetic engineering can be used for several
applications

• The vector is introduced to the organism with the
  defective gene.
• The functioning gene is delivered to target cells
  and randomly inserts itself into the DNA (this is
  what likely caused the leukemia in the SCID
  treatment).
• Now the cell can produce the correct protein.

64
Genetic engineering has many practical purposes

• Medical applications include producing large
  quantities of human proteins (such as insulin and
  human growth hormone) cheaply and providing
  animal models of human genetic diseases (such as
  knock-out mice)

Genetic Engineering
65
Genetic engineering has many practical purposes

• Agricultural applications include producing
  plants that are herbicide or pest resistant and
  plants that have higher nutritional value.
• These plants are commonly called GMOs
  (genetically-modified organisms)

66
Genetic engineering has many practical purposes

• Industrial uses include using mircoorganisms to
  clean up mining waste, sewage treatment, and
  environmental disasters.

67
Genetic engineering raises serious bioethical
concerns

• The question may need to be Should we? instead
  of Could we?
• For example, should we alter the natural
  variation of human genes by genetic engineering?

68
Genetic engineering raises serious bioethical
concerns

• Creating plants with new genes may trigger
  allergic reactions in unsuspecting consumers.
• For example, a gene from a peanut plant to a corn
  plant in order to increase nutrition may cause an
  allergic reaction in some people.

69
Genetic engineering raises serious bioethical
concerns

• Creating organisms that are not naturally
  occurring may create problems in the environment
  or for humans.
• For example, an oil digesting bacteria may get
  into oil-digesting bacteria may get into
  oil-based machinery and our oil supplies.

70
Check Yourself!

1. What is genetic engineering?
2. What is a transgenic organism?
3. How are restriction enzymes used in genetic
   engineering?
4. What is gene therapy?
5. List two practical applications of genetic
   engineering.

71
Check Yourself!

1. What is genetic engineering?
   THE
   MODIFICATION OF DNA
2. What is a transgenic organism?
3. How are restriction enzymes used in genetic
   engineering?
4. What is gene therapy?
5. List two practical applications of genetic
   engineering.

72
Check Yourself!

1. What is genetic engineering?
   THE
   MODIFICATION OF DNA
2. What is a transgenic organism? AN ORGANISM
   CONTAINING FOREIGN DNA
3. How are restriction enzymes used in genetic
   engineering? CLEAVE/CUT DNA AT A SPECIFIC
   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
4. What is gene therapy?
5. List two practical applications of genetic
   engineering.

73
Check Yourself!

1. What is genetic engineering?
   THE
   MODIFICATION OF DNA
2. What is a transgenic organism? AN ORGANISM
   CONTAINING FOREIGN DNA
3. How are restriction enzymes used in genetic
   engineering? CLEAVE/CUT DNA AT A SPECIFIC
   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
4. What is gene therapy? A TECHNIQUE THAT USES
   GENES TO TREAT OR PREVENT DISEASES/DISORDERS
5. List two practical applications of genetic
   engineering.

74
Check Yourself!

• What is genetic engineering?
  THE
  MODIFICATION OF DNA
• What is a transgenic organism? AN ORGANISM
  CONTAINING FOREIGN DNA
• How are restriction enzymes used in genetic
  engineering? CLEAVE/CUT DNA AT A SPECIFIC
  NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
• What is gene therapy? A TECHNIQUE THAT USES
  GENES TO TREAT OR PREVENT DISEASES/DISORDERS
• List two practical applications of genetic
  engineering.
• MEDICAL, AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL

75
Genetic Engineering Lab

• Lets model/simulate how to create recombinant
  DNA using bacterial plasmids
• You need
• Scissors
• Tape (share)
• 1 Activity sheet
• 1 pink strip of DNA
• 1 blue strip of DNA

76
Genetic Engineering Activity

1. Step 1 Cleave Donor DNA (pink strip)
2. Step 2 CLEAVE PLASMID (blue strip)
3. Step 3 PRODUCE RECOMBINANT DNA.
4. Step 4 CLONE CELLS.
5. Step 5 SCREEN CELLS.

77
Warm-up

• Answer 1-4 under Genetic Engineering Checkpoint
• Papers will be returned.
• Put the following in your portfolio
• Disease Brochure and Rubric
• CE 3 and 4
• HGP Article Questions

78
Summarizing Recombinant DNA

1. Answer 1-7 at the bottom on your own.
2. WHEN YOU FINISH, check/compare answers with
   someone near you.
3. Turn it over and do the back side!

79
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81
Genetically Modified Foods

• A Close Reading
• Read the article silently to yourself. As you
  read, use the following annotations
• Highlight important/key ideas (any color)
• Blue ! things that are interesting or
  surprising
• Red ? things you have a question about

82
Genetically Modified Foods

• With those in your group
• Share out your key points/main ideas
• Make a list of 2-3 main/key ideas on the index
  card
• Share out your surprising/interesting facts
• Write 1 or 2 interesting/surprising things you
  learned on sticky notes (be ready to share with
  class)
• Share out your questions
• Write 1 or 2 questions you had from reading the
  article on sticky notes (be ready to share with
  class)