History of PE

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History of PE
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Point of Emphasis

• This is the only course that will address PE
  history, a topic included on the Praxis II exam.

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QA

• What can you tell me about the history of
  physical education? Background? Influences
  (Socio-cultural?)

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• Current Physical Education is the latest
  rendition of all the changes that have taken
  place over time.
• Why is this important?
• A Throughout their history in the U.S., k-12
  physical education programs have tended to
  reflect larger patterns in American culture,
  peoples needs and choices regarding physical
  activity, and trends in the educational system.
  As you will see, the goals, content, and
  instruction in physical education have evolved
  and will continue to grow in ways that call for
  new approaches.

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Overview of History

• Colonial Period (late 1700s to mid 1800s)
• No formalized physical education
• Fitness through survival, hunting, work, little
  leisure time
• Emergence of gymnastic systems
• Late 19th Century
• Physical training, emergence of sport
• Transitional Period (1900-1917)
• Formalized curriculum
• Accepted methodology
• Acceptance (1917-1930)
• Accepted into the mainstream school curriculum

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Late 1700s, Early 1800s

• Late 1700s PE had a military flavor
• 1823 Freidrich Ludwig Jahns Turnverein
  concepts introduced to the U.S.
• Turnverein Social Gymnastics also known as
  German Gymnastics
• German System used heavy gymnastics violent and
  exhausting in nature

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German Turnverein
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The Battle for System Dominance !

• German System
• Swedish System
• Beecher System
• Hitchcock System
• Sargent System

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1856 Catherine Beecher

• Mother of American PE
• 1852 founded the American Womens
  Education Association
• 1856 - Womens physical training published a
  manual of physiology and calisthenics
• Calisthenics
• Light exercises for health and beauty

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Typical 1800s gymnasium
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MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY

• Puritan ethic was a prominent influence on how PE
  was viewed.
• Conflict between religion and the body
• MC a philosophy that made exercise and fitness
  compatible with the tenets of the faith.

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• PRIOR TO 1885 PHYSICAL EDUCATION (in the broad
  sense) DID NOT EXIST AS FORMAL FIELD OF
  EDUCATION!!!!

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1885

• Adelphi Conference (1885) Participants pledge
  to improve the profession and increase its
  standing. The Association for the Advancement of
  Physical Education is formed (forerunner of
  AAHPERD).
• Names for PE Gymnastics, physical training,
  sport, physical education

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Early 1900s

• Decline of religious opposition
• Immigration introduced new activities
• Urbanization, transportation, and war dispersed
  activities
• Growth of leisure time
• Intercollegiate athletic conferences
• Curb abuses like betting (1st one - Big Ten)
• Comprehensive Education
• John Dewey progressive education

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Early 1900s

• Still emphasis on military-like physical training
  exercises (i.e. calisthenics)1918

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Posture Exercises
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPqlZgMkaC5A
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Late 1800s, Early 1900s

• Noticeable shift
• PE began diversifying its content to include
  sports
• Still included militaristic, calisthenics like
  exercises but emphasis was waning
• Culture of Physical Training gave way to Physical
  Education
• Formalized PE curriculum began developing
• Accepted methodology

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Formal Recognition

• Umbrella term Physical Education
• Included dance, health education, intramurals,
  camping, playgrounds, recreation, outdoor
  education, YMCA/YWCA.
• NEA officially recognizes physical education as
  curricular field.

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QA
http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blspo
rts.htm

• What sports were invented in the US? Typically
  during the late 1800s early 1900s but also
  into today? Some have their roots in sports from
  abroad.
• Lacrosse (lt1630, Native Americans)
• Baseball/Softball (Cartwright, 1845, NYC)
• Football (Camp, 1875, New Haven CT)
• Basketball (Naismth, 1891, Springfield, MA)
• Volleyball (Morgan, 1895, Holyoke MA)
• Mountain Biking (Californnia)
• Pickleball (Bell and Pritchard, 1965, WA state)

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La-crosse
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Basketball History
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vIo35RCBMQJw
1909
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1920s 30s

• PE became an accepted subject.
• States passed mandatory PE laws
• Teacher education developed
• Graduate study began
• Sport continued to dominate American pop culture

1940s

• Half of WWII military recruits were unfit for
  duty concern for fitness
• Adapted PE took off due to wounded vets

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Sport Takes Over

• Biggest influence of the 1900s was sport! Now
  many programs began to include Basketball,
  Football, Baseball, Field Hockey, Swimming,
  Racket Sports, and some Outing Activities

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1950s

• Eisenhower formed the President's Council on
  Youth Fitness
• Article portrayed American kids as weak. 60
  failed fitness test compared to 6 of European
  kids
• Kennedy spoke openly about the need to improve
  their fitness levels, including writing an
  article in Sports Illustrated entitled "The Soft
  American"

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Late 20th Century

• Recreation, sport and fitness still the main
  focus.
• Concerns that not all students needs being met
• Developed dance further, introduced alternative
  education.
• Fitness boomed with running, aerobics (Cooper),
  and rope jumping

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Kenneth Cooper

• Father of the Modern Fitness Movement
• Worked with NASA to help create astronaut
  conditioning program
• Developed the 12-minute and 1.5-mile fitness
  tests the Aerobics Point System
• Publication of Aerobics in 1960s
• Disease prevention thru aerobic exercise
• Cooper Institute (developed Fitnessgram)

http//www.cooperaerobics.com/default.aspx
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Late 20th Century

• Title IX (1972) began addressing
• gender inequity

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Fitness Craze (80s)

• Increase in emphasis
• Health/looks
• Haves and have not's
• Trim/athletic
• Obese/SES

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Curriculum Additions to PE

• Adventure/Cooperative (late 60s)
• Outward bound, project adventure, team challenge
• Movement Education (70s)
• Teaching games for understanding-tactical (1986)
• Hellisons model of social responsibility (1995)
• Sport education (1994)
• Wellness/fitness (1990s)
• Holistic/proactive (body, mind, spirit)
• Lifetime activity

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Today

• Sub-disciplines
• Exercise physiology
• Biomechanics
• Motor learning
• Sport psychology
• Sport history/philosophy

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Subdisciplines

• Anatomy
• The physical structure of an animal

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Subdisciplines

• Kinesiology
• Study of movement (human in our case)

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Subdisciplines

• Biomechanics
• Study of the human body as a mechanical system,
  utilizes principles drawn from physics.
• No specific course, incorporated throughout

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Subdisciplines

• Physiology
• Functions and activities of living organisms,
  including all physical and chemical processes.

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Subdisciplines

• Exercise physiology
• Study of bodily systems and their reactions to
  stress of exercise.

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Subdiscplines

• Motor Learning
• Focuses on how motor skills are learned.
• Areas motor learning, control, development
• Categories
• Initial
• Elementary
• Mature

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Subdisciplines

• Sport Psychology
• Study of sport and psychological issues in sport
• Intervention examples Relaxation, cue control,
  mental imaging, coping, desensitization

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Kinesiology

• Umbrella term for the total discipline of sport
  and exercise.

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Today-New PE

• Not a specific program or curriculum but a
  philosophy of being more inclusive and lifetime
  oriented. Began in 90s and is considered the
  norm today.
• Covered in more depth later

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Today Down Sides

• Reduction of time allotted PE
• Disparities in instruction
• Roll out the ball gym teachers
• Marginalization
• NCLB

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Today Positive Side

• Increasing fitness and wellness focus
• More lifetime activities inclusivity
• Improved status
• Engine for reduction in obesity and diabetes
• Greater recognition of the importance of physical
  activity in many facets of life

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Leaders in the Field

• George Graham, PSU
• PECentral
• Children Moving

• Judy Rink, USC
• Standards
• South Carolina Physical Education Assessment
  Program (SCPEAP)

Many others too
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Depends on You
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Webquest HW

• Due