Accident Prevention Manual

1

• Accident Prevention Manual
• for Business Industry
• Engineering Technology
• 13th edition
• National Safety Council

Compiled by Dr. S.D. Allen Iske, Associate
Professor University of Central Missouri
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CHAPTER 7

• PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

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Methods of Controlling Exposure to Hazards
Within the Workplace

• Engineering Controls - designed into the
  workplace
• Administrative Controls - worker rotation, proper
  housekeeping and training
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)-Equipment,
  clothing or materials which are used in the
  workplace, for the purpose of reducing the risk
  of injury or illness due to workplace hazards.

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Introduction

• Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to the
  use of respirators, special clothing, safety
  glasses, hard hats, or similar devices whose
  proper use reduces the risk of personal injury or
  illness resulting from occupational hazards.
• Least desirable method applied for protection.
• Engineering controlseliminating toxic
  substances, changing process design, using
  barriers or guards, isolating or enclosing
  hazards.
• Administrative controlsworker rotation,
  implementing proper housekeeping, proper worker
  training.

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Programs and Policies

• When hazards cannot be removed through
  engineering or administrative controls, the use
  of PPE becomes the best method for protection.
• Creating a program to introduce PPE, both written
  policies and enforcement measures are important.
• Management and the work force should embrace the
  use of PPE.

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Types of PPE and Coverage Area

• Head protection
• Eye and face protection
• Hearing protection
• Fall arrest protection
• Respiratory protection
• Hand and arm protection
• Protective footwear
• Special work clothing

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Program to Introduce PPE

• Assessments of hazards in the workplace are
  conducted to determine the need for PPE to
  protect workers.
• Management should complete the following
• Write a policy on usage of the PPE and
  communicate it to the employees.
• Select the proper equipment.
• Implement a thorough training program to make
  certain employees know the correct use and
  maintenance of their equipment.
• Enforce the use of PPE.

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Policy

• The written program should include a policy,
  hazard assessment or PPE-needs assessment,
  selection of PPE to be used, worker training and
  motivation in use of PPE, and enforcement of
  company PPE policy.
• The policy should clearly state the need for and
  use of PPE.
• It also should identify any exceptions and
  limitations to the use of PPE.
• Details of the specific work conditions are often
  stated.
• Management must follow the same safety rules.

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Selection of Proper Equipment

• Except for respiratory protection devices, few
  items of PPE are tested according to performance
  specifications and approved by impartial or
  third-party examiners.
• ANSI standards
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and
  Health (NIOSH) Certified Equipment List
• SEI (Safety Equipment Institute)
• developed policies for third-party certification
  of safety equipment
• existing certification programs include eye and
  face protection, emergency eyewash and shower
  equipment, firefighters helmets, protective
  headwear, protective footwear, and personal fall
  protection

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Proper Training

• PPE training programs should include
• description of what hazards and/or conditions
  exist in the workplace environment
• explanation of what has been done, can/cannot be
  done about hazards
• explanation of why a certain type of PPE has been
  selected
• discuss the capabilities and/or limitations of
  PPE
• demonstrate the use, adjust, or fit of the PPE

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Proper Training (Cont.)

• Practice use of the PPE.
• Explain the company policy and its enforcement.
• Discuss how to deal with emergencies.
• Discuss how PPE will be paid for, maintained,
  repaired, cleaned, and any other details.
• Use of PPE must be enforced including
  disciplinary measures.
• 29 CFR 1910.132-138
• establishes the employers obligation to provide
  PPE to employees

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Head Protection (Safety Helmets)

• Used to protect the head from
• impacts caused by falling objects
• to protect from electrical shock and burns
• to prevent entanglement of hair or the head in
  machinery
• ANSI standard Z89.1-2003
• A helmet is a device that is worn to provide
  protection for the head from, impact, flying
  particles, electrical shock, and must contain a
  suitable harness.

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Helmet Classifications

• Type 1helmet with full brim not lt 1¼ inches wide
  to reduce the force of impact to top of head
• Type 2helmets intended to reduce the force of
  impact from a blow to the sides or top of head
• Class G (general)general service, limited
  voltage protection (impact hazards, heavy
  industrial settingsmanufacturing and
  construction)
• Class E (electrical)utility service,
  high-voltage protectionfalling or flying
  objects, and high-voltage shock and burns
• Class C (conductive)special service, no voltage
  protectioncomfort, bump of head, no electrical
  protection

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Head Protection (Cont.)

• Bump capsnot a helmet or hard hat no standards
  except manufacturers specification impact from
  bumping into stationary objects or from cleaning
  in tight spaces, and not from overhead
  operations risk of potential injury is limited.
  Not to replace helmets required by Z89.1.
• Hair protectionemployees with long hair or
  beards must be protected from contact with moving
  parts. Caps should cover the entire head of hair.
  Modifications per job and hazards.

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Head Protection (Cont.)

• Maintenance
• Inspect helmets for cracks, signs of impact or
  rough treatment, and wear that might reduce the
  degree of safety originally provided.
• Exposure to ultraviolet light, chemicals, or
  welding may decrease the life expectancy.
• Discard and replace all helmets which show signs
  of deterioration.
• Check product service life and replace as
  necessary.
• DO NOT PAINT OR ALTER HARD HATS WITH LABELS AND
  STICKERSpotential to cover cracks or defects.
• Clean and store helmets appropriately after use.

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Eye Protection

• Use to protect the eyes from exposures caused by
• physical agents
• chemical agents
• radiation

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Eye and Face Protection

• About 70 of all eye injuries result from flying
  or falling foreign objects.
• Contact with harmful substances, chemicals, and
  so forth causes more than 20 of injuries.
• Foreign bodies in the eye occurred in about 60
  of the cases.
• Eye and Face Protection Standard, ANSI z87.1-1989
  sets comprehensive standards to be used for
  protective eye and face devices in OSHA
  regulations.
• Most current standard is ANSI Z87.1-2003.

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Eye Protection (Cont.)

• Selection of impact-resistant eyewear includes
• level of protection afforded
• comfort with which they can be worn
• ease of repair
• Proper eye protection devices should be selected
  and their use enforced to provide maximum
  protection for the degree of hazard involved.
• Face shields are not recommended as eye
  protection from impact (ANSI Z87.1).
• Goggles should protect the eye socket.

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Eye Protection (Cont.)

• Contact lenses
• Prevent Blindness America
• Contact lens wearers must conform to the
  prerogatives and directions of management
  regarding contact lens use. When the work
  environment entails exposures to chemicals,
  vapors, splashes, radiant or intense heat, molten
  metals or a highly particulate atmosphere,
  contact lens use should be restricted
  accordingly.
• American Optometric Association
• Contact lenses may be worn in some hazardous
  environments with appropriate covering safety
  eyewear. Contact lenses themselves do not provide
  eye protection in the industrial sense.

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Face Protection

• Face shields should be worn over suitable basic
  eye protection.
• A variety of face shields will protect the face
  and neck from flying particles, sprays of
  hazardous liquids, splashes of molten metal, and
  other hot solutions.
• Provide antiglare protection where required.
• Materials should combine
• mechanical strength
• light weight
• non-irritation to skin
• withstand frequent disinfecting operations

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Face Protection (Cont.)

• Used to protect the face and neck from
• flying particles
• sprays of hazardous liquids
• splashes of molten metal
• hot solutions

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Face Protection (Cont.)

• Acid hoods and chemical goggles
• Protection from acids, alkalis, or other
  hazardous liquids
• Chemical hood may be worn with and without
  ventilation in addition to protective eyewear.
• Laser beam protection
• Lasers produce monochromatic, high-intensity
  light beams, frequently capable of causing
  significant eye damage.
• Laser goggles, spectacles, or eye shield are
  used.
• Welding
• Radiant energies of ultraviolet, visible and
  infrared bands require worker protection.

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Hearing Protection

• Used to protect the ear from damaging sounds
  which may cause temporary or permanent hearing
  loss
• NIHL (noise-induced hearing loss)slowly
  developing hearing loss over a long period
  (years) resulting from exposure to continuous or
  intermittent loud noise
• Occupational acoustic trauma results from single
  exposure to sudden burst of sound
• Hearing conservation programs for employees
  exposed to excessive noise mandated by OSHA

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Hearing Protection (Cont.)

• Occupational noise-induced hearing loss
  characteristics
• always sensorineural, affecting the hair cells in
  the inner ear
• low-frequency limits about 40 db
• high frequency limits about 75 db
• if noise is discontinued, no significant further
  loss
• as hearing threshold increases, rate of loss
  decreases
• earliest damage to inner ears reflects a loss at
  3000, 4000 and 6000 hz and less at 500, 1000, and
  2000 hz.
• stable exposure conditions will reach a maximal
  level in 1015 years

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Hearing Protection (Cont.)

• OSHA Hearing Conservation Standard (29 CFR
  1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure) requires a
  hearing conservation program for employees
  exposed to excessive noise (85 dBA for an 8-hour
  time-weighted average).
• OSHA Permissible Limit of 90 dBA for an 8-hour
  time-weighted average.
• Exposure to 115 dBA is permitted for 15 minutes
  for 8-hour day. No exposure above 115 dBA per
  1926.52.
• Must have an accurate knowledge of the noise
  levels that pose a hazard to workers before
  mandating a hearing protection program.

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Hearing Protection (Cont.)

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  provides noise reduction ratings (NRR) for
  protective devices.
• Four types of hearing protection
• enclosure (helmets)
• aural (ear inserts)
• most commonly used and cheapest
• include formable, custom molded, and molded types
• superaural (canal caps)
• circumaural (earmuffs)

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Fall Arrest Systems

• Means of preventing workers from experiencing
  disastrous falls from elevations
• Classifications
• Passive requires no action on workers part
  (personnel and debris nets)
• Active requires some manipulation on workers
  part (harnesses, lanyards, anchor points, fall
  arresters, shock absorbers)
• Systems needed
• over 4 ft guardrail or midrail, per 29 CFR
  1910.23
• over 6 ft guardrail per 29 CFR 1926.500
• over 25 ft overwater per 29 CFR 1926.105
• assess vertical versus horizontal work
  requirements
• consider rescue methods, backup systems, dry or
  wet, number of workers, and environmental factors

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Fall Arrest Systems (Cont.)

• Elements of a successful fall arrest program
• policy and enforcement of fall protection
• worker qualification at elevated conditions
• training on fall arrest system
• selection of equipment
• installation of equipment
• equipment maintenance and inspection
• rescue procedures
• job survey analysis

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Fall Arrest Systems (Cont.)
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Fall Protection

• Components of the active fall arrest systems
• anchor/anchorage points
• lanyard
• body belts
• harnesses
• retracting lifeline devices
• lifelines
• lifeline (dropline)
• hardware connectors
• fall arresters and shock absorbers
• fall arresting system and work positioning system
• restraint system

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Fall Protection (Cont.)

• Equipment inspection and maintenance
• Utilize the manufacturers instructions per
  preventive maintenance and inspection.
• Check for damage before each use.
• Equipment must be removed from service after
  exposure to the forces of arresting a fall or
  equivalent forces.
• Clean arrest equipment regularly to keep it in
  good condition and top working order.
• Store away from bright light and UV light and
  maintain in a cool dry place. Check for fading of
  colors, which may indicate damage or potential
  failure.

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Respiratory Protection

• Employers are required to use engineering and
  work practice controls as a primary means to
  protect an employees health from contaminated or
  oxygen-deficient air.
• If controls are not technologically or
  economically feasible, an employer may rely upon
  a respiratory protection program to protect
  employees.

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Respiratory Protection Program

• written respiratory protection program containing
  workplace-specific hazard to protect worker (29
  cfr 1910.134)
• procedures for selecting respirators
• medical evaluations of employees required to use
  respirators
• fit-testing procedures for tight-fitting
  respirators
• use of respirators in routine and emergency
  situations
• procedures and schedules for cleaning,
  disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing, and
  maintenance
• procedures to ensure adequate air quality and
  quantity
• training for respiratory hazards, limitations,
  use and maintenance
• audit program for effectiveness

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Selecting Proper Respiratory Protection

• The selection involves three steps
• identify the hazard
• evaluate the hazard
• select appropriate, approved respiratory
  equipment based on the first two steps

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Airborne Hazards

• Dusts
• Fumes
• Mists
• Gases
• Vapors
• Smoke
• Oxygen deficiency
• Biological agents

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Respiratory Protection

• Engineering and administrative controls
• Fit, selection, training
• Identifying hazardsdust, fumes, mists, vapors,
  etc.
• Evaluation of hazardwalk-through, measurements,
  physical/chemical nature, needed or not needed
• NIOSH along with Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
  designate the level of effectiveness a respirator
  provides to a wearer.

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Types of Respirators

• Air supplying respiratorindependent source of
  air (open circuit or closed circuit) provides
  clean breathing air
• Air-purifying, can only be used in atmospheres
  that contain adequate (19.5 or greater) oxygen.
• There are 3 kinds those which remove
  contaminants from the air via filter or cartridge
  for use with gases/vapors, particulate filters,
  and gas masks
• Service Life Indicators for effective
  useend-of-service-life-indicators (ESLIs) or
  change out schedule

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Air-Supplying Respirators

• Classified according to the way air is supplied
  and regulated
• self-contained breathing apparatus (air or oxygen
  is carried in a tank on the workers back)
• supplied-air respirators (compressed air from a
  stationary source is supplied through a
  high-pressure hose connected to the respirator)
• combination self-contained and supplied-air
  respirators

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Air Purifying

• These respirators can purify the air of gases,
  vapors, and particulates but do not supply clean
  breathing air.
• They must not be used in oxygen-deficient
  atmospheres.
• The useful life is limited by
• the concentration of the air contaminant
• the breathing demand of the wearer
• the removal capacity of the air-purifying medium

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Fitting Respirators

• Fit tests must be performed prior to respirator
  use.
• Fit-testing is required for all employees when
• using negative or positive pressure tight-fitting
  respirators
• respirators are required by OSHA
• employer requires the use of respirator
• Storage, maintenance, cleaning, medical

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Fitting Respirators (Cont.)

• Fit tests must be repeated
• at least annually
• whenever a different respirator facepiece is used
• whenever a change in the employees physical
  condition could affect the use of the respirator
• Qualitative tests wearer is challenged to ensure
  a tight fit against irritant or odorous chemical.
  
• Pros convenient, quick, easy, and low cost.
• Con not reliable
• Quantitative tests wearer challenged in chamber
  to test atmosphere during typical movements.
  Calculation of safety factors to ensure no
  leakage.
• Pros objective, provides protection in IDLH or
  toxic atmospheres
• Cons costly, requires trained personnel to
  conduct test.

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Respirator Storage and Maintenance

• Respirators should be stored to protect from
  dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold, excessive
  moisture, and damaging chemicals.
• Before storage, clean and wash per directions,
  and sanitize.
• Maintain all respirators.
• Perform inspections of all components and parts
  prior to each use as well as daily and weekly.
• Repair or remove from service any defective
  respirators.

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Protective Clothing

• Gloves consider tools used to perform assigned
  tasks
• cotton, leather used primarily in construction
  and industrial applications
• Latex, nitrile, neoprene, etc. used for
  hazardous chemicals
• Hand/arm leathers protect against hot, rough
  objects
• heavier and more flexible than gloves
• Impervious, natural rubbers, latex, olefin
  protect against dusts, vapors, and moisture of
  hazardous substances and corrosive liquids
• Follow disposal/washing procedures
• Workers should shower or at a minimum wash hands
  appropriately.
• Properly launder prior to reuse or dispose of
  contaminated PPE equipment.

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Protective Footwear

• Classified according to its ability to meet the
  requirements for compression resistance and
  impact resistance.
• Examples
• metatarsal
• conductive
• electrical hazard
• static dissipative
• sole puncture resistant
• foundry

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Footwear Standards

• ASTM F2413-05 Standard Specifications for
  Performance Requirements for Foot Protection
• OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.132 General
  Requirements for Personal Protective Equipment
• OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.136 Foot Protection
• OSHA standards contain hazard assessment and foot
  protection requirements for employees whose work
  presents hazards to their feet.
• Hazards include objects falling onto or placed
  on foot, objects rolling over foot, sharp objects
  penetrating sole of footwear, static electricity,
  contact with energized conductors.

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Additional Protective Footwear Features

• Additional features provided by many
  manufacturers which are not required by
  standards
• waterproofing
• chemical resistance
• insulation

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Special Work Clothing

• Clothing which helps to minimize the effects of
  job exposures to
• heat
• molten metal
• corrosive chemicals
• cold temperatures
• body impact
• cuts
• other specialized hazards

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Care and Use of Personal Protective Devices

• Do not alter or change the device.
• Use the device for the purpose it was intended.
• Dispose of devices that show signs of wear and
  tear.
• Use the manufacturers suggestions for cleaning
  devices that can be reused.