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2
Section 1-3
Nationalism in the Middle East
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Section 1-10
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire

• During World War I, the Ottomans sided with
  Germany, which caused Britain to attack Ottoman
  Arab states. ?

• The British convinced Arabs to revolt against
  Ottoman rule. ?
• Arabia declared its independence in 1916. ?
• After losing hundreds of thousands of soldiers,
  the Ottomans made peace with the Allies in 1918.

(pages 781783)
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Section 1-11
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (cont.)

• During World War I, the Ottomans had killed or
  been responsible for the deaths of nearly a
  million Christian Armenians. ?

• The Armenians had sought independence and were
  brutally attacked and deported by the Ottomans. ?
  
• The Allies denounced the genocide, or deliberate
  mass murder, of the Armenians, but they did
  nothing to prevent it. ?
• A similar process of mass murder would be called
  ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War of 1993 to
  1996.

(pages 781783)
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Section 1-12
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (cont.)

• At the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire
  collapsed.
• Turkey was all that remained under Ottoman
  control.
• When Greece invaded western Turkey, Turkish
  leaders decided to form a new Republic of Turkey.
  
• Under the command of Mustafa Kemal, they were
  able to drive the Greek troops out.
• In 1923, the last Ottoman sultan fled the
  country.

(pages 781783)
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6
Section 1-15
The Modernization of Turkey

• Mustafa Kemal, known as Atatürk, became president
  of Turkey. ?

• He tried to transform Turkey into a modern state.
  
• Although Turkey had a democratic system of
  government, Atatürk did not allow opposition.

(pages 783784)
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Section 1-16
The Modernization of Turkey (cont.)

• Atatürk made changes throughout Turkish society.
  These included
• eliminating Arabic elements from the Turkish
  language
• adopting the Roman alphabet
• and forcing people to adopt last names

• established factories and directed the economy.
• He tried to modernize farming, but it wasnt
  successful

(pages 783784)
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Section 1-17
The Modernization of Turkey (cont.)

• Atatürk wanted Turkey to be a secular state, one
  that rejects religious influences in politics. ?
• In 1924 he abolished the caliphate and forbade
  men to wear the fez, or traditional Turkish
  Muslim hat. ?
• He forbade the Islamic custom of women wearing a
  veil.

(pages 783784)
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Section 1-18
The Modernization of Turkey (cont.)

• New laws gave women equal marriage and
  inheritance rights and, in time, the right to
  vote. ?

• Turks could join non-Islamic religions. ?
• While devout Muslims did not accept the reforms,
  Atatürks influence on Turkey was lasting and
  profound.

(pages 783784)
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Section 1-20
The Beginnings of Modern Iran

• A similar process of modernization was taking
  place in Persia during the early twentieth
  century. ?

• The Qajar dynasty (17941925) was faced with
  increasing domestic problems. ?
• The dynasty leaders invited Great Britain and
  Russia to help defend them from the Persian
  people.

(page 784)
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Section 1-21
The Beginnings of Modern Iran
(cont.)

• In 1908, oil was discovered, which attracted more
  foreigners. ?

• Oil exports rose, but most of the profits went to
  British investors. ?
• The foreign presence led to the rise of a native
  Persian nationalist movement.

(page 784)
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Section 1-22
The Beginnings of Modern Iran
(cont.)

• In 1921, Reza Khan led a military mutiny and
  seized Tehran, the Persian capital city. ?

• In 1925, Reza Khan became the shah, or king. ?
• He was called Reza Shah Pahlavi.

(page 784)
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Section 1-23
The Beginnings of Modern Iran
(cont.)

• Reza Shah Pahlavi tried to follow the example of
  Kemal Atatürk in Turkey. ?

• He reformed and modernized the government, the
  military, and the economic system. ?
• Persia was renamed Iran. ?
• Reza Shah Pahlavi did not try to destroy the
  power of Islam. ?
• However, he encouraged Western-style education
  and forbade women to wear the veil in public.

(page 784)
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Section 1-25
The Beginnings of Modern Iran
(cont.)

• To free himself from Great Britain and the
  Soviet Union, Reza Shah Pahlavi drew closer to
  Nazi Germany. ?

• During World War II, the shah harbored a large
  number of Germans. ?
• Great Britain and the Soviet Union invaded. ?
• Reza Shah Pahlavi resigned and his son, Mohammad
  Reza Pahlavi, replaced him.

(page 784)
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15
Section 1-31
The Problem of Palestine

• Great Britain controlled the mandate of Palestine
  after World War I. ?

• Palestine was the ancient home of the Jewish
  people, but few Jews had lived there for nearly
  2,000 years. ?
• In 1917, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration,
  which supported the idea of a national home for
  Jewish people in Palestine.

(page 785)
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Section 1-32
The Problem of Palestine (cont.)

• The British promised that the rights of
  non-Jewish peoples in Palestine would be
  protected. ?

• However, Arabs were angered that the British
  would create a Jewish home nation in a land that
  had long been 80 percent Muslim.

(page 785)
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Section 1-33
The Problem of Palestine (cont.)

• Jewish settlers began to arrive in Palestine. ?

• As the Nazis increased the persecution of Jews
  in Europe, more and more Jews arrived in
  Palestine. ?
• Tensions increased between Jews and Muslims.

(page 785)
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Section 1-34
The Problem of Palestine (cont.)

• In response, the British tried to restrict Jewish
  immigration to Palestine. ?

• In 1939, Britain limited immigration to 75,000
  Jewish people during the next five years. ?
• After that, no more Jews could enter the country.

(page 785)
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19
Section 2-3
Nationalism in Africa and Asia
Preview Questions

• What different forms did protest against Western
  rule take? ?

• How was communism received in Asia?

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20
Section 2-7
Movements Toward Independence in Africa

• Even though black Africans had fought for the
  British and French in World War I, their hopes
  for independence after the war were not met. ?

• The Versailles peace settlements took away German
  colonies only to give them as mandates to France
  and Britain.

(pages 786788)
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21
Section 2-8
Movements Toward Independence in Africa (cont.)

• Many Africans became politically active after
  World War I. ?

• They sought reforms that would allow them the
  same ideals of liberty and equality espoused by
  Western democratic nations.

(pages 786788)
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22
Section 2-9
Movements Toward Independence in Africa (cont.)

• In Kenya, the Young Kikuyu Association protested
  in 1921 the high taxes imposed by Great Britain. ?

• Their leader Harry Thuku was jailed. ?
• When a crowd tried to free him, the British
  killed at least 20 of them and exiled Thuku.

(pages 786788)
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Section 2-10
Movements Toward Independence in Africa (cont.)

• In Libya, guerrilla fighters under Omar Mukhtar
  fought the Italian rulers and defeated them
  several times. ?

• The Italians put Libyans in concentration camps
  and eventually killed Mukhtar, which ended the
  fighting.

(pages 786788)
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24
Section 2-11
Movements Toward Independence in Africa (cont.)

• Colonial powers usually responded to revolts with
  force. In some cases, they made some reforms,
  hoping to satisfy African peoples. ?

• By the 1930s, many new African leaders emerged. ?
  
• They insisted on independence and said that
  reforms were not enough. ?
• Many of the new African leaders had been educated
  abroad.

(pages 786788)
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Section 2-12
Movements Toward Independence in Africa (cont.)

• W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey influenced
  Africans who studied in the United States. ?

• Du Bois was an African American and led a
  movement to make all Africans aware of their
  cultural heritage. ?
• Garvey was a Jamaican living in New York City who
  stressed the need for African unity. ?
• This was called Pan-Africanism.

(pages 786788)
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26
Section 2-14
Movements Toward Independence in Africa (cont.)

• Jomo Kenyatta was an African man from Kenya who
  had been educated in Great Britain. ?

• He argued that British rule was destroying
  traditional African cultures. ?
• Léopold Senghor and Nnamdi Azikiwe were leaders
  in Senegal and Nigeria, respectively, who worked
  to end colonial rule.

(pages 786788)
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27
Section 2-15
Movements Toward Independence in Africa (cont.)
What did the new African leaders think about the
reforms made by colonial rulers? What did they
advocate instead?
They rejected the reforms as not enough. They
advocated independence instead of reforms.
(pages 786788)
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28
Section 2-16
The Movement for Indian Independence

• Before World War I, Mohandas Gandhi had been
  active in the independence movement to end
  British rule in India. ?

• He was known as Mahatma, or Great Soul. ?
• Gandhi organized mass protests. ?
• He insisted that the protests be nonviolent. ?
• Gandhi used civil disobediencethe refusal to
  obey laws considered to be unjustto achieve his
  goals.

(pages 788789)
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Section 2-17
The Movement for Indian Independence (cont.)

• In 1919, British troops killed hundreds of
  unarmed protesters. ?

• Gandhi was eventually arrested for his role in
  protests against British rule and was in prison
  for several years. ?
• In 1935, Great Britain passed the Government of
  India Act. ?
• The act gave more government positions to Indians
  and the right to vote to a small percentage of
  the population.

(pages 788789)
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30
Section 2-19
The Movement for Indian Independence (cont.)

• In 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) was
  formed to seek reforms. ?

• However, by the 1920s, reforms were not enough. ?
  
• After he got out of jail, Gandhi went back to
  work to spread his message to the Indian people.

(pages 788789)
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31
Section 2-20
The Movement for Indian Independence (cont.)

• Nonviolence was the core of Gandhis campaign. ?

• He said that it was wrong to harm any living
  being and that hate could only be overcome by
  love. ?
• He advocated noncooperation, such as not buying
  cloth imported from Britain and government-made
  salt. ?
• He told Indians not to pay their taxes.

(pages 788789)
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Section 2-21
The Movement for Indian Independence (cont.)

• The British raised the tax on salt and prohibited
  Indians from harvesting their own. ?

• In 1930, Gandhi protested by walking to the sea
  on the Salt March. ?
• At the ocean, Gandhi defied the British by
  picking up salt. ?
• Thousands of Indians followed suit. ?
• Gandhi and other INC leaders were arrested.

(pages 788789)
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33
Section 2-22
The Movement for Indian Independence (cont.)

• In the 1930s, Jawaharlal Nehru emerged as an
  important leader in Indian politics. ?

• Nehru had studied law in Great Britain and was an
  upper class intellectual. ?
• The independence movement split into two paths. ?
  
• Gandhi represented the traditional, religious,
  and Indian path. ?
• Nehru represented the modern, secular, and
  Western.

(pages 788789)
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Section 2-23
The Movement for Indian Independence (cont.)

• While the two paths shared the same goal, the
  division created uncertainty about what the
  future of India would look like. ?

• Another division in Indian politics was that
  between Hindus and Muslims. ?
• Muslims objected to the Hindu control of the INC.
  ?
• By the 1930s, the Muslim League under Muhammad
  Ali Jinnah was beginning to believe in a separate
  Muslim state of Pakistan in the northwest.

(pages 788789)
35
Section 2-26
The Rise of a Militarist Japan

• Between 1900 and 1920, Japanese society adopted
  many aspects of Western societies and became an
  increasingly prosperous and industrial country. ?

• The zaibatsu were large financial and industrial
  corporations. ?
• With government help, these firms developed into
  vast companies that controlled major parts of
  Japanese industry. ?
• By 1937, the four major zaibatsu controlled a
  large amount of the economy.

(pages 789791)
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Section 2-27
The Rise of a Militarist Japan (cont.)

• As wealth became concentrated among the relative
  few, more and more people had less. ?

• Food shortages, inflation, and other economic
  problems led to riots and unrest. ?
• The Great Depression had a severe impact on
  workers and farmers. ?
• Traditionalists called for a return to older
  Japanese values. ?
• They rejected the influence of Western ideas in
  education and politics.

(pages 789791)
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Section 2-29
The Rise of a Militarist Japan (cont.)

• In the early 1900s, Japan had trouble finding
  sources of raw materials and foreign markets. ?

• Until World War I, the Japanese had expanded
  their territory to meet these needs. ?
• This policy worried many Western nations,
  especially the United States.

(pages 789791)
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Section 2-30
The Rise of a Militarist Japan (cont.)

• The United States wanted to keep Asia open for
  trade. ?

• In 1922, the United States held a conference that
  produced a nine-power treaty that recognized
  Chinas territorial integrity and the Open Door
  policy. ?
• In return, Japan was allowed to control southern
  Manchuria.

(pages 789791)
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39
Section 2-31
The Rise of a Militarist Japan (cont.)

• During the 1920s, Japan tried to use economic and
  diplomatic means to realize its interests in
  Asia. ?

• The policy was unpopular. ?
• New heavy industries developed in Japan. ?
• To run these industries the Japanese needed new
  sources of raw materials.

(pages 789791)
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40
Section 2-32
The Rise of a Militarist Japan (cont.)

• At the end of the 1920s, problems arose that led
  to a rise in militarism in Japan. ?

• A group within the ruling party gained control of
  the political system. ?
• Many in the group thought that the Japanese
  system had been corrupted by Western ideas.

(pages 789791)
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41
Section 2-33
The Rise of a Militarist Japan (cont.)

• During the 1930s, extremist patriotic
  organizations emerged, some as part of the
  military. ?

• In 1931, a group of army officers directed an
  invasion of Manchuria. ?
• The government opposed the move, but the people
  supported it. ?
• In time, the military and other supporters of
  Japanese expansion dominated the government.

(pages 789791)
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42
Section 2-34
The Rise of a Militarist Japan (cont.)

• Japan was put on wartime status. ?

• In 1938, a military draft law was passed. ?
• The government controlled all economic resources.
  ?
• Labor unions were disbanded. ?
• There was only one political party which called
  for Japanese expansion. ?
• Western ideas were purged from education and
  culture. ?
• Traditional Japanese values became important once
  again.

(pages 789791)
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43
Section 2-36
Nationalism and Revolution in Asia

• Before World War I, Marxist ideas had no appeal
  for Asian intellectuals. ?

• The mostly agrarian Asian societies seemed
  ill-fitted for revolution. ?
• After the Russian Revolution, however, it became
  clear that Marxist ideas could be used to
  overthrow an outdated system.

(page 791)
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Section 2-37
Nationalism and Revolution in Asia (cont.)

• In 1920, Lenin determined to spread communism to
  the outside world. ?

• The Comintern, or Communist International, was a
  worldwide organization of Communist parties
  dedicated to revolution. ?
• Comintern agents were trained in Moscow and then
  returned to their own countries. ?
• By the end of the 1920s, almost all Asian
  countries had a Communist party.

(page 791)
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Section 2-38
Nationalism and Revolution in Asia (cont.)

• The success of Communist parties in Asia varied
  greatly. ?

• Some cooperated with existing nationalist parties
  to overthrow Western colonial rulers. ?
• For example, in French Indochina, Ho Chi Minh,
  who had been trained in Moscow, organized the
  Vietnamese Communists. ?
• China had the strongest Communist-nationalist
  alliance.

(page 791)
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Section 2-39
Nationalism and Revolution in Asia (cont.)

• However, in most Asian colonial societies,
  communism had little success in the 1930s.

(page 791)
47
End of Section 2
48
Section 3-3
Revolutionary Chaos in China
Preview Questions

• Against whom were the Nationalist and Chinese
  Communist Parties aligned? ?

• What obstacles did Chiang Kai-shek face in
  building a new China?

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49
Section 3-7
Nationalists and Communists

• In all of Asia, revolutionary Marxism had its
  greatest impact in China. ?

• By 1920, two political forces emerged to
  challenge the Chinese government Sun Yat-sens
  Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party
  (CCP).

(pages 793794)
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50
Section 3-8
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)

• In 1921, young radicals formed the Chinese
  Communist Party in the city of Shanghai. ?

• Comintern agents advised them to join with the
  older Nationalist Party. ?
• Sun Yat-sen welcomed the Communists. ?
• In 1923, the two parties formed an alliance to
  drive out the Chinese warlords and the
  imperialist powers.

(pages 793794)
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51
Section 3-9
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)

• The two parties worked together for three years. ?

• They trained an army. ?
• In 1926 they began the Northern Expedition and
  took control of all of China south of the Chang
  Jiang (Yangtze River).

(pages 793794)
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52
Section 3-10
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)

• Eventually the Nationalists and the Communists
  came into conflict. ?

• After Sun Yat-sen died, Chiang Kai-shek became
  the Nationalist leader. ?
• He pretended to support the Communists but did
  not. ?
• In 1927, he killed thousands of Communists in the
  Shanghai Massacre. ?
• The Communist-Nationalist alliance ended.

(pages 793794)
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53
Section 3-11
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)

• In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek founded a new republic
  in Nanjing. ?

• He worked to reunify the nation but continued to
  think that the Communists were his main enemy.

(pages 793794)
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54
Section 3-12
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)
Why did Sun Yat-sen welcome the Communists as
allies?
He had alienated the Western powers in China
through his opposition to imperialism. He felt he
needed all the help he could get to achieve his
goals. He also wanted the expertise that the
Soviet Comintern could provide. An alliance with
the Chinese Communists would facilitate that and
increase the power of the anti-government forces.
(pages 793794)
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55
Section 3-13
The Communists in Hiding

• After the Shanghai Massacre, the Communist
  leaders went into hiding in Shanghai. ?

• They revived the Communist movement among the
  discontented urban working class. ?
• Some Communist leaders went south of the Chang
  Jiang to Jiangxi Province. ?
• Mao Zedong was their leader. ?
• Mao was convinced that the Chinese revolution
  would come from the rural peasants rather than
  the urban working class.

(pages 794795)
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56
Section 3-14
The Communists in Hiding (cont.)

• Chiang Kai-shek was able to push the Communist
  leaders out of Shanghai. ?

• They joined Mao in the south. ?
• Then the Nationalists attacked the Communists in
  Jiangxi, but Mao used guerrilla tactics to fight
  successfully against superior numbers. ?
• Mao had four slogans about fighting When the
  enemy advances, we retreat! When the enemy halts
  and camps, we trouble them! When the enemy tries
  to avoid battle, we attack! When the enemy
  retreats, we pursue!

(pages 794795)
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57
Section 3-15
The Communists in Hiding (cont.)
What happened to most Communist Party leaders in
Shanghai after Chiang Kai-shek attacked them?
They were forced to move to the south and join
Mao Zedong in South China.
(pages 794795)
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58
Section 3-16
The Long March

• In 1934, Chiangs army surrounded the Communists
  in Jiangxi. ?

• Outnumbered, Maos army, called the Peoples
  Liberation Army (PLA), broke through the
  Nationalist lines. ?
• Mao led his troops for 6,000 miles to
  northwestern China and reached the last surviving
  Communist base. ?
• This march became known as the Long March.

(pages 795796)
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59
Section 3-17
The Long March (cont.)

• The Long March took one year. ?

• The Communists had little food, faced freezing
  temperatures, and had to fight all the way. ?
• Ninety thousand troops began the march. ?
• Nine thousand reached their destination. ?
• During the Long March, Mao became the undisputed
  leader of the Chinese Communist Party.

(pages 795796)
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60
Section 3-18
The Long March (cont.)
What were two effects of the Long March on the
Chinese Communists?
They lost 81,000 people. Mao Zedong became the
sole leader of the Chinese Communist Party.
(pages 795796)
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61
Section 3-19
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek

• After the Long March, the threat from the
  Communists seemed to have ended. ?

• Chiang Kai-shek was trying to build a new nation.
  ?
• He vowed to form a republican government, but as
  Sun Yat-sen had stated, he felt that the Chinese
  people would need a transitional form of
  government to prepare them for a democratic state.

(pages 796797)
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62
Section 3-20
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek (cont.)

• Chiang instituted a period of political tutelage
  (training). ?

• Under his leadership, the Nationalists tried to
  dictate land reforms and to modernize industry. ?
  
• However, the Chinese people were not ready for
  reforms. ?
• Eighty percent of the people were very poor
  peasants who were mostly illiterate.

(pages 796797)
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63
Section 3-21
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek (cont.)

• At the same time, the growing urban middle class
  took on Western values. ?

• They accumulated wealth and paid little or no
  attention to the needs of the peasants.

(pages 796797)
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64
Section 3-22
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek (cont.)

• Chiang tried to blend modern Western
  industrialization with traditional Confucian
  values of hard work, obedience, and integrity. ?

• Chiang and his wife instituted the New Life
  Movement. ?
• It promoted Confucian ideals and rejected the
  individualism and greed of Western capitalism.

(pages 796797)
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65
Section 3-23
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek (cont.)

• Other problems that faced Chiang Kai-shek
  included threats from Japan and effects of the
  worldwide Great Depression. ?

• Some of Chiangs successes included starting a
  massive road-building program, repairing and
  expanding the railroads, creating a national
  bank, and improving the education system.

(pages 796797)
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66
Section 3-24
The New China of Chiang Kai-shek (cont.)

• Chiang was less successful with land reform. ?

• He avoided the redistribution of wealth, or the
  shift of wealth from a rich minority to a poor
  majority, because much of his support came from
  landowners and the urban middle class. ?
• Chiang suppressed all opposition, which alienated
  many intellectuals and moderates.

(pages 796797)
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