????????? (Hardware)

1
????? 1???????????????

• ????????? (Hardware)
• ????????? (Software)
• ?????????? (Peopleware)

HW
Read a,b c ab print c
SW
PW
2
????????????????????

• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ??????????????????????

3
????????????????????????

• Analog Computer
• Digital Computer
• Hybrid Computer

????????
abc
DIGITAL
A/D
D/A
CONVERTER
4
??????????????????????

• ???????????????????????????? (Special purpose
  computer)
• Computer Temography (CT)
• ???????????? (General purpose computer)

5
??????????????????????

• Mainframe (Giga byte)
• Minicomputer (Mega byte)
• Microcomputer (Kilo byte)
• Super computer (Tera byte)

6
??? ??? ????

• ??? (Bit) ??? ??????????????????????????????? 0
  ???? 1 ???????? Binary Digit
• ???? (Byte) ??? ??????????? ????? 6-8 ???
  ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????? 1 ???
  ??????????????????????????????????

7
????????????????????

• 1 Byte 6-8 Bit
• 1 Kbyte 210 Byte 1024 Byte
• 1 Mbyte 210 Kbyte
• 1 Gbyte 210 Mbyte

K Kilo ???? M Mega
???? G Giga ???? T
Tera ????
8
?????????????? (Mainframe)

• ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????
  ????
• ????????????????????????????? ???????????
• ???????? ??????????????????????

9
?????????????????????? (Mini computer)

• ??????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????? Centralized
• ??????????????????????????

10
???????????????? (Microcomputer)

• ???????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????

11
HARDWARE

• ?????????????? (Input Unit)
• ????????????????? (Central Processing Unit)
• ??????????? (Output Unit)
• ??????????? (Memory Unit or Storage Unit)

12
???????????????????? (Input Unit)

• ?????????????????????????????????????? (Online)
• ????????????????????????????????? (Off Line)

13
?????????????????????????????????????? (Online)

• Keyboard

?????????? ??????
CPU
??????
14
????????????????????????????????? (Off Line)

• ??????????????????? (Data entry device)
• Keypunch, Key to tape device, Key to disk device
• Key to cassette
• ?????????????????
• Magnetic ink character recognition, Optical

15
????????????????????? Offline

• OFFLINE

O F F L INE
????????????? ??????
?????????? ??????
??????
??????????? ??????
CPU
16
?????????????? (input Unit)

• ????????? (Keyboard)
• ????? (Mouse)
• ?????????? (Scanner)
• ??????????????????? (Bar Code Reader)

17
?????????????? (input Unit)

• ???????????????????????? (Optical Character
  Reader)
• ???????????????? (Digitizer)
• ?????????????????? (VDO Camera)

18
????????????????? Processor

• ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???
  ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????
• ???????????? ????????????????? ???? CPU Central
  Processing Unit ???? Processor
• ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ??? (Chip) ???? ????????????????
  Microprocessor

19
????????????????? (CPU Central Processing
Unit)

• ?????????? ??? ?????
  (ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit )
• ??????????? (CU Control Unit)

20
??????????? (Memory Unit or Storage Unit)

• ??????????????? (Main Memory)
• ROM Read Only Memory
• RAM Random Access Memory
• ???????????????? (Secondary Storage/Memory)
• SAS Sequential Access Storage
• DAS/RAS Direct/Random Access Storage

21
???????????????????????????

• Program Area
• I/O Area
• Working Area

22
????????????????????????
Processor

• Secondary

Storage
RAM
ROM
Output
CU
Keyboard
ALU
23
???????????????? (Register)

• ???????????????? (General Register)
• ??????????????? (Special Register)
• Accumulator Register
• Instruction Register
• Program Counter ???? Address register

24
???????????????

• PROGRAM

BEGIN INPUT A,B C A B IF C gt 15
THEN PRINT C ELSE PRINT NUMBER
IS LESS THAN 15 END IF DATA 10,20 END
25
?????????????????? CPU
CPU

• MEMO

C A B
ACC REG
R1 R2 R3
c
ADDER
Control Unit
IR-REG
ADD-REG
26
Access Memory

• Word

0 1 2 3
4
1111 0001 1111 0010 1111 0011
5 6 7 8
9
10 11 12 13
14
27
???????????????????????????????

• ?????????????? ??? ?????????????

?????????????
??????????
CPU ------- MEMO
???????????
28
???????????????? ???? ?????????? (Secondary
Memory)

• SAS Sequential Access Storage
• ?????????? (Punch Card)
• Card Reader
• Card Punch
• ????????? (Paper Tape)
• ??????????? (Magnetic Tape)
• ??????? (Tape cassette)

29
DAS/RAS

• ??????????? (Magnetic Disk)
• ??????????????????????????????? (Disk drive)
• ????????????? (Diskette, Floppy Disk)
• ????????????????????????????? (Diskette drive)
• Hard disk ???? Fixed disk
• ??? CD-ROM

30
???????????

• ???????????
• ??????????????????
• ????????????

31
??????????????
32
??????????????????

• Inter record Gap
• Block
• Physical record
• logical record

Record 3
Record 1
Record 2
Interrecord Gap
Interblock Gap
R1 R2 R3
Logical Record
Physical Record
33
???????????????????????????
34
DAS Direct Access Storage

• Magnetic Disk
• Diskette
• Hard disk or Fixed disk
• CD-ROM

35
?????????????? (Magnetic disk)
36
?????????????????????

• Tracks ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ??????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ???????????????
• Sector ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ???? ??????????????????? 128 byte ???
  1 Kb
• Cylinder ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ????? ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? 200 ?????????? ?????? 200 Cylinder
• Surface ????????????????????? 1 ?????? 2 ???????

37
????????????????
38
??????? CD-ROM

• CD-ROM

• ????????????????????????????? ????????
  ??????????????????????? ???????

39
???????????????????????????? (OUTPUT UNIT)

• ??????????? CRT, VDO, TERMINAL, MONITOR
• ???????????? (Printer)
• Impack printer Dot matrix, Line printer
• Non- impack printer Thermal printer, Page
  printer, Laser printer
• ?????????? (Plotter), ????? (Speaker)

40
??????????????????????

• Soft copy
• Hard copy

41
Software

• ??????? (Program) ???????????????????????????????
  ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????

42
???????????????

• ??????????? (Machine Language)
• ????????????? (Assembly Language)
• ???????????? (High Level Language)
• ??????????????? (Fourth Generation Language)

43
??????????? (Machine Language)

• ??????????????????
• ????????????? CPU ????????????????????????????????
  ??
• ???????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????

44
????????????? (Assembly Language)

• ?????????????????????????????????????
  0001101000110100 ??????? AR 3,4
• Symbolic Language
• Assembler

45
???????????? (High Level Language)

• ?????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• 1 ????????????????????????????????????????
• Compiler

46
??????????????? (4 GL)

• ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????
• SQL, DB2

47
Assembler Compiler

• 01011000 00110000
• 11000000 00000000
• 01011000 01000000
• 11000000 00000100
• 00011010 00110100
• 01010000 00110000
• 11000000 00001000
• Machine Language

• L 3,4
• L 4,B
• AR 3,4
• ST 3,C

48
Cobol Compiler

• 01011000 00110000
• 11000000 00000000
• 01011000 01000000
• 11000000 00000100
• 00011010 00110100
• 01010000 00110000
• 11000000 00001000
• Machine Language

• ADD A TO B GIVING C

49
????????? Software

• System software
• Operating SystemOS
• Processing Program
• Language Translater
• Utilities Program

• Application Program
• Special Purpose Program
• Software Package
• Word processor
• Worksheet
• Database

50
?????????????? (Operating System)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????
• ???????????
• ??????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????? ???????????????
• ????????????????????, ???????????, ?????????

51
??????????????? (Application Program)

• ????????????????????? ??????????????????????
• ????? ???? ???????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ????????????????

52
?????????????????? Hardware ??? Software

• USER

COMMAND LANGUAGE PROCESSOR
USER
OPERATING SYSTEM
FILE SYSTEM
EDITORS
COMPUTER HARDWARE
LANGUAGE PROCESSOR
CPU
MEMORY
APPLICATION PROGRAMS
WORD PROCESSOR, GRAPHICS PACKAGE, GRAMES
DEVICE
COMMUNICATION SUPPORT
LOADER
USER
USER
53
???????????????

• Time Sharing
• Multiprogramming
• Single CPU, Multiple CPU
• Multiple Program in Memory
• Single (Multiple) Program in Execution

54
?????????????????? (People ware)

• ?????????????? (Administration)
• Electronic Data Processing manager EDP
• ???????????? (Technical)
• System Analyst and Designer, Programmer
• ??????????????? (Operation)
• Computer Operator
• Keypunch Operator, Data Entry