The Three Things in Life?

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The Three Things in Life?
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Expertise in Geography What Is It?
Roger M. Downs June 6, 2012
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An expert is a man who has made all of the
mistakes, which can be made, in a very narrow
field. Neils Bohr
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The Nature of Expertise
--experts not special people
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The Nature of Expertise
--experts not special people --lengthy
experience deliberate practice
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The Nature of Expertise
--experts not special people --lengthy
experience deliberate practice --naïve-expert
continuum
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The Nature of Expertise
--experts not special people --lengthy
experience deliberate practice --naïve-expert
continuum --knowledge differs in breadth depth
underlying patterns principles
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The Nature of Expertise
--experts not special people --lengthy
experience deliberate practice --naïve-expert
continuum --knowledge differs in breadth depth
underlying patterns principles --problem
solving strategies differ in speed, flexibility,
accuracy
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The Nature of Expertise
--experts not special people --lengthy
experience deliberate practice --naïve-expert
continuum --knowledge differs in breadth depth
underlying patterns principles --problem
solving strategies differ in speed, flexibility,
accuracy --domain specific
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William Bunge Theoretical Geography (1962)
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Antecedents in Cognitive Science

1. F. C. Bartlett memory problem solving

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F. C. Bartletts Sectional Maps (1932)
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You set out from the point marked S and your aim
is to get to a spot somewhere to the N.W. Choose
which road to start on, and when you have got as
far as you can on this plan you will be given
another sectional map, and so on until you get to
the final map on which the place you want to
reach will be marked O. At any stage you can, if
you wish, go back to the starting point or to
some position short of the starting-point.
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Antecedents in Cognitive Science

1. F. C. Bartlett memory problem solving
2. Alan Lesgold expertise medical imaging

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Alan Lesgold
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Antecedents in Cognitive Science

1. F. C. Bartlett memory problem solving
2. Alan Lesgold expertise medical imaging
3. Alan Newell problem solving (Tower of Hanoi
   problem)

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Alan Newell the Tower of Hanoi Problem
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Antecedents in Geography

1. Armin Lobeck what maps dont tell us

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Antecedents in Geography

1. Armin Lobeck what maps dont tell us
2. Walter Christaller how I discovered central
   place theory

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Antecedents in Geography

1. Armin Lobeck what maps dont tell us
2. Walter Christaller how I discovered central
   place theory
3. Brian Harley the silences of maps

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Jeremy Anderson
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Railway Line
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Road
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Road
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Kink in the Road
--if unique therefore not repeated, then road
continues in straight line
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Kink in the Road
--if unique therefore not repeated, then road
continues in straight line --if recurring
therefore repeated property of space, then road
will not continue in straight line
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River
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tt
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Bunges Actual and Predicted Map
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Villages
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Villages
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Town
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Types of Inferences Levels of Expertise

• 1. rail line relatively simple

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Types of Inferences Levels of Expertise

• 1. rail line relatively simple
• 2. kink in road more challenging because of
  multiple possibilities

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Types of Inferences Levels of Expertise

• 1. rail line relatively simple
• 2. kink in road more challenging because of
  multiple possibilities
• 3. stream system stream order topography
  knowledge of theory of fluvial processes

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3
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Types of Inferences Levels of Expertise

• 1. rail line relatively simple
• 2. kink in road more challenging because
  multiple possibilities
• 3.stream system stream order topography
  knowledge of theory of fluvial processes
• 4. villages lattices knowledge of central place
  theory

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Geographic Completion Strategies
--Decompose into functional elements
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Geographic Completion Strategies
--Decompose into functional elements --Look for
patterns in elements
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Geographic Completion Strategies
--Decompose into functional elements --Look for
patterns in elements --Look for exceptions
deviations
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Geographic Completion Strategies
--Decompose into functional elements --Look for
patterns in elements --Look for exceptions
deviations --Extrapolate interpolate pattern
elements
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Geographic Completion Strategies
--Decompose into functional elements --Look for
patterns in elements --Look for exceptions
deviations --Extrapolate interpolate pattern
elements --Look for connections among patterns
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Geographic Completion Strategies
--Decompose into functional elements --Look for
patterns in elements --Look for exceptions
deviations --Extrapolate interpolate pattern
elements --Look for connections among
patterns --Modify patterns expectations, what
makes sense, aesthetics
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Because of its unique propertiesparticularly its
rating scale and method of recording gameschess
offers cognitive psychologists an ideal task
environment in which to study skilled
performance. It has been called a Drosophila, or
fruit fly, for cognitive psychology Neil
Charness 1991
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Geodrosophila
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Characteristics of Tasks
--ecologically valid rich, challenging,
interesting
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Characteristics of Tasks
--ecologically valid rich, challenging,
interesting --meaningful to accessible by
people with varying levels of expertise
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Characteristics of Tasks
--ecologically valid rich, challenging,
interesting --meaningful to accessible by
people with varying levels of expertise
--amenable to use of thinking aloud protocols
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Candidates for Tasks
--cartography identifying types of map
projections
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Candidates for Tasks
--cartography identifying types of map
projections --physical human geography
reading landscapes
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Candidates for Tasks
--cartography identifying types of map
projections --physical human geography
reading landscapes --geomorphology linking maps
cross sections
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Candidates for Tasks
--cartography identifying types of map
projections --physical human geography
reading landscapes --geomorphology linking maps
cross sections -- GIS Where is Waldo?
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The Bottom Line
In order to understand the nature, development ,
fostering of geographic expertise, we need a
set of geographic Drosophila.
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Expertise as the Missing Piece
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An expert is someone who knows some of the worst
mistakes that can be made in his subject and who
manages to avoid them. Werner Heisenberg
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