HSPA Science Review

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HSPA Science Review

• Biology and Physics

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Biology

• Match the molecule to the function
• DNA, RNA A. High energy compounds, not
• water soluble
• 2. Fats (lipids) B. Contains and transfers
  genetic
• information
• 3. Carbohydrates C. Energy carrier in cell
• Proteins D. C, H, O compounds used as
• energy source
• ATP E. Builds all cell structures

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Biology

• Solutions
• DNA, RNA A. High energy compounds, not
• water soluble
• 2. Fats (lipids) B. Contains and transfers
  genetic
• information
• 3. Carbohydrates C. Energy carrier in cell
• Proteins D. C, H, O compounds used as
• energy source
• ATP E. Builds all cell structures

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Biology
A photon (little packet of light energy)
excites an electron in chlorophyll because
chlorophyll has the ability to directly absorb
light energy in a usable form. This is part of
the light reaction. A green plant then uses that
energy to split water molecules, combine carbon
dioxide molecules into 3-carbon molecules, and
two of these combine to build a molecule of
glucose, C6H12O6. This occurs during the dark
(does not need light) reaction of photosynthesis.
The light energy is now chemical energy in the
bonds of glucose and is the reason that plants
are the producers or energy suppliers at the
bottom of the food chain.
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Biology
A squirrel in the woods of Pennsylvania has a
litter of offspring. 4 of the offspring are
reddish-brown in fur color. A mutation caused
the other 4 offspring to have white fur.
Which of the offspring will have the best
chance of surviving to reproduce? Explain.

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Biology
A squirrel in the woods of Pennsylvania has a
litter of offspring. 4 of the offspring are
reddish-brown in fur color. A mutation caused
the other 4 offspring to have white fur.
Which of the offspring will have the best
chance of surviving to reproduce? Explain. Solutio
n The white offspring will have difficulty
hiding due to the light color of their fur. As a
result they with have a very difficult time
reaching maturity to reproduce. The
reddish-brown ones will blend in and have a much
greater chance of reproducing.

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Biology

• Which of the following are the nitrogenous bases
  of DNA?
• Cytosine
• Guanine
• Uracil
• Alanine
• Thymine
• Adenine
• Phenylalanine

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Biology

• The nitrogenous bases of DNA are
• Cytosine
• Guanine
• E. Thymine
• F. Adenine

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Biology

• The genetic code in DNA is contained in
• Single bases
• Base pairs
• Hydrogen bonds
• Triplet codes

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Biology

• Solution
• The genetic code in DNA is contained in
• Triplet codes

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Biology

• Solution
• The genetic code in DNA is contained in
• Triplet codes
• Each sequence of three bases (ACG, TCA, AGA,
  etc.) codes for one of the twenty amino acids,
  which are the alphabet of proteins. Proteins
  build cell structure and enzymes.

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Biology
How are mRNA and tRNA involved in getting the
genetic code from DNA into a functional protein
at the ribosome?

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Biology
How are mRNA and tRNA involved in getting the
genetic code from DNA into a functional protein
at the ribosome? Solution The mRNA is formed
when the DNA (double stranded) unzips in the
nucleus. The triplet code is transferred to the
mRNA. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to
the ribosome. A tRNA (which has a triplet code)
picks up an amino acid and brings it to the
ribosome. If the tRNA triplet is complementary
to the mRNA triplet (ex CCC to GGG) the ribosome
keeps the amino acid and starts to build the
protein. This continues until the protein or
polypeptide is built from the mRNA.

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Biology

• RNA has one different base than DNA. The base,
  uracil or U, replaces which base in DNA?
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine

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Biology

• RNA has one different base than DNA. The base,
  uracil or U, replaces which base in DNA?
• B. Thymine
• Example
• DNA CGA ATT GCG
• mRNA GCU UAA CGC
• tRNA CGA AUU GCG

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Biology

• Mistakes or mutations can happen in the genetic
  code. If one base changes, it can change the
  amino acid and the resulting protein. The change
  can be beneficial or it can be detrimental to the
  organism. Beneficial ones may make the organism
  survive better. Detrimental ones may make the
  organism less hardy.
• AUU codes for isoleucine in mRNA. If the last U
  mutates to an A, AUA codes for asparagine, which
  could change the entire protein.

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Genetics

Tall (T) dominates short (t). A homozygous
tall (TT) plant is crossed with a short plant
(tt). What per cent of the offspring are short?

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Genetics

Tall (T) dominates short (t). A homozygous
tall (TT) plant is crossed with a short plant
(tt). What per cent of the offspring are
short? Solution 0 short TT x
tt T T t Tt Tt t Tt Tt All offspring
are Tt or tall. Therefore no short.

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Genetics

Tall (T) dominates short (t). Two heterozygous
talls (Tt) are crossed. What per cent of the
offspring are short?

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Genetics

Tall (T) dominates short (t). Two heterozygous
talls (Tt) are crossed. What per cent of the
offspring are short? Solution 25 short Tt x
Tt T t T TT Tt t Tt tt 3 of 4
offspring are Tt or TT or tall. Therefore 1/4 or
25 are short.

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Genetics

Straight (S) co-dominates with curly (C). SC
is wavy. Two wavys (SC) are crossed.. What per
cent of the offspring are wavy?

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Genetics

Straight (S) co-dominates with curly (C). SC
is wavy. Two wavys (SC) are crossed. What per
cent of the offspring are wavy? Solution 50
wavy SC x SC S C S SS SC C SC CC
Since wavy is SC, Therefore 1/2 or 50 are wavy.
1/4 or 25 are straight (SS) and 1/4 or 25 are
curly (CC).

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Genetics

Males are XY and females are XX. Show why that
there should be 50 males and 50 females from
births.

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Genetics

Males are XY and females are XX. Show why that
there should be 50 males and 50 females from
births. Solution 50 male, 50 female XY x
XX X Y X XX XY X XX XY In a large
population, 1/2 the population will be males and
1/2 will be females as shown by the Punnet
square.

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Physics

F m x a Or Force Mass x
Acceleration (Newtons) Kg
meters/sec2
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Physics

F m x a What is the force of a 10 Kg object
moving at 2 m/sec2?
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Physics

F m x a What is the force of a 10 Kg object
moving at 2 m/sec2? Solution ? F Newtons 10
Kg x 2 m/sec2 Or 20 N
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Physics

F m x a What acceleration will a 15 Kg
object have if a force of 30 Newtons on it?
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Physics

F m x a What acceleration will a 15 Kg
object have if a force of 30 Newtons on
it? Solution 30 Newtons 15 Kg x ?
m/sec2 Or 2 m/sec2
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Physics

F m x a What mass will have an accelaration
of 5 m/sec2 if a force of 30 Newtons is on it?
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Physics

F m x a What mass will have an accelaration
of 5 m/sec2 if a force of 30 Newtons is on
it? Solution 30 Newtons ? Kg x 5
m/sec2 Or 6 Kg
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Physics

If you push against the wall with a force of 5 N,
what force does the wall push back with?
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Physics

If you push against the wall with a force of 5 N,
what force does the wall push back
with? Solution Newtons 3rd Law states that for
every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction. The wall pushes back with a force of 5
N!
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Physics

Gravity is a universal force of attraction
between any two objects.
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Physics

Gravity is a universal force of attraction
between any two objects. Gravity is
proportional to the masses of the objects! The
larger the masses, the greater the gravitational
attraction.
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Physics

Gravity is a universal force of attraction
between any two objects. Gravity is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between the objects. If the distance doubles
between two objects, the gravitational attraction
DECREASES by 4!
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Physics

Moving electric charges produces magnetic
forces. And conversely Moving magnets
produces electric forces. (What a generatordoes!)
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Electromagnetic Radiation

Waves of energy moving through space at the speed
of light. Electromagnetic radiations differ in
wavelength and frequency. Higher frequency had
shorter wavelength. Lower frequency has longer
wavelength.
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Electromagnetic Radiation

Arrange the 7 main electromagnetic radiations
from longest to shortest wavelengths. Visible
Light Microwaves Gamma Rays Radio waves Infrared
rays Ultraviolet rays X rays
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Electromagnetic Radiation

Arrange the 7 main electromagnetic radiations
from longest to shortest wavelengths. Visible
Light Longest Radio waves Microwaves Microwave
s Gamma Rays Infrared Radio waves Visible
Light Infrared Light Ultraviolet
Light Ultraviolet Light X Rays X
rays Shortest Gamma Rays
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Electromagnetic Radiation

Visible Light is made up of the spectrum of
colors ROY G BIV Red, Orange, Yellow, Green,
Blue, Indigo, Violet 700 nm 400 nm
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The End! Science rules!