Tissues

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Tissues
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• Tissue a groups of cells with similar structure
  function.
• Histology- the study of tissue strictures.
• 4 Major Tissue Types

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• 1. Epithelial Tissue
• Cells that are closely packed with little
  intercellular material between them.
• AVASCULAR- no blood vessels can penetrate the
  tissue .

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• Functions
• 1. Protection
• 2. Barriers
• 3. Permitting the passage of certain substances.
• 4. Secreting substances
• 5. Absorbing substances.

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• Two Major grouping of Epithelial Tissues
• A. Covering Epithelium
• Covers body surfaces
• B. Lining Epithelium
• Lines the walls of cavities organs.

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• Epithelial tissue is categorized on the basis of
  the cells shape arrangement.

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• 1. Simple Squamous
• One layer thick
• Thin flat cells
• Lines blood vessels, walls of capillaries,
  walls of air sacs in the lungs (alveoli).
• Prevents abrasion between organs in the cavities

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• 2. Simple Cuboidal
• Cube-shaped cells in a single layer. Forms the
  walls of kidneys ducts.

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• 3. Simple Columnar
• Cylindrical cells. Lines the digestive-tract
  organs uterus.

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• 4. Stratified Squamous
• - A multiple -layer arrangement with the surface
  layer composed of flatten cells. Usually a
  protective function forms the outer layer of
  the skin.

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• 5. Pseudo stratified Columnar
• single layer of irregularly shaped cells that
  visually appears to be in multiple-layer
  arrangement. Line the respiratory tract
  contains cilia.

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• .

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• 6. Transitional
• multiple-layered arrangement of cube like or
  irregularly shaped cells that can be greatly
  stretched.
• Lines the urinary bladder ureter.

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Epithelial Review
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• B. Glandular Epithelium - closely packed cells
  that are specialized to manufacture secrete
  products. Forms glands.

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• 1. Exocrine Glands - glands that empty their
  products into ducts, which channel the secretions
  to the body surface or into a cavity.

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• Examples
• salivary
• sweat
• oil glands.

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• 2. Endocrine Glands - glands that secrete their
  products into the extracellular space, where they
  diffuse into the bloodstream.
• Examples
• pituitary
• thyroid
• adrenal glands.

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• They are also organs that are composed of more
  than one type of tissue and together they make
  up the endocrine system (Hormones).

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• C. Structural functional relationship among
  epithelial tissue.
• Shape is determined by the function.

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• 1. Free cell surfaces.
• Smooth
• microvilli

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Cilia goblet
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• 2. Cell connections
• a. Tight junctions prevents passage between
  them.
• b. Desmosomes mechanical links that binds
  cells together.
• c. Hemidesmosomes anchor cells to basement
  membranes.
• 3. Gap junctions small channels that allow
  passage of material between cells.

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Ground Substance

• Appears shapeless but has specialized molecules
  that can trap a large amount of water.

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Connective tissue
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• PROTEIN FIBERS
• A. Collagenous Fibers
• B. Elastic Fibers
• C. Reticular Fibers

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Classification of Connective Tissue

• Blast----
• Produce matrix
• Cyte---
• Cells maintain it
• Clast---
• Cells break it down for remodeling

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Cells for Immunity

• Macrophages
• Macro---large
• Phago---to eat
• Mast cells---
• Cells that release chemicals that promote
  inflammation

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• Function of Connective tissue
• 1. Enclosing separating
• 2. Connecting tissues to one another.
• 3. Supports moving

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• 4. Storing
• 5. Cushing Insulating

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• 6. Transporting
• 7. Protecting

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• A. Loose Connective Tissue
• (Areolar Tissue)
• Has some ECM
• Very few elastic fibers
• More collagen
• Fibers are widely spread apart from one another

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• B. Adipose Tissue
• Has very little ECM
• Does have both collagen and elastic fibers
• Cells are large and closely packed.
• Filled with lipids.
• Specialize fibroblasts known as adipocytes or
  adipose cells which store large amounts of fat.

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• C. Dense Connective Tissue Intercellular
  material contain fibers that are packed tightly
  together the tissue has fewer cells less
  ground tissue, but more fibers than connective
  tissue.
• 1. Dense Collagenous (Regular) Connective Tissue
  - Extend parallel to one another.
• Resist physical stress found in tendons
  ligaments.

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• D. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
• Fibers branch from dense matting. Found in the
  deep layer of the skin.

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• E. Dense Elastic
• Connective Tissue
• Abundant elastic fibers among collagen fibers.
• ex. Vocal cords, walls of arteries

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Review

• How is connective tissue different from
  epithelial tissue?
• Match the connective tissue with its
  function/location
• Dense regular vocal cords
• Adipose energy storage
• Dense elastic anchoring (tendons)

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• F. Cartilage MADE UP OF
• Chondrocytes - produces and maintains the
  cartilage.
• Lacunae - the chamber which the chondrocytes
  lie in.
• Perichondrium provides nourishment to the
  chondrocytes

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• 1. Hyaline Cartilage - Matrix is dominated by
  chondroin sulfate in the ground substance
  contain collagen.
• Most abudnant type of cartilage
• Locations
• upper respiratory tract
• fetal skeleton.

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• 2

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• 2. Elastic Cartilage
• Matrix is dominated by elastic fibers, providing
  cartilage with elastic properties.
• Locations
• ears
• end of the nose.

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• .

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• 3. Fibrocartilage - Matrix is dominate by
  collagenous fibers.
• Found in joints that deal with a lot of stress.
  (compression pulling)
• Locations
• knees
• intervertebral discs.

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• 3. Bone - Intercellular material (matrix).
• Consists of mineral salts collagen which is
  maintain by osteocytes.
• Osteocytes lie in a chamber known as the
• lacunae.
• Functions

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• A. Compact Bone
• Closely packed deposit of mineral salts, which
  are laid down in concentrate layer (lamellae).
• In the center lies a tube (Osteonic Canal),
  which serves as a passage way for blood vessels.
  
• The tube combined with the layers form the
  Haversian Canal.

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• B. Spongy Bone
• Matrix Consists of small plates of mineral salts
  collagen (Spicules) that form a network with
  spaces in between.
• These spaces are filled with blood-forming tissue
  -red bone marrow.

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• 4. Blood-Forming Tissue Blood - tissue that
  manufacturers blood cells from stem cells.
• A. Red Bone Marrow (Hematopoietic) - found in
  spongy bone.
• Red bone marrow initiates production of all
  blood cells.

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• B. Lymphoid Tissue - found in lymph nodes,
  tonsils, spleen, thymus in young children.
• Lymph Tissue produce two types of
• white blood cells, monocytes, lymphocytes.
• Function

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• Whole blood consists of formed elements
  suspended in a FLUID matrix known as plasma.
• Transport material throughout the body.

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Review

• What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
• What is the only liquid tissue of the body?
• How is compact bone different from spongy?

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• 3. Muscle Tissue
• Specialized to shorten (contract).
• Composed of two main parts
• Actin Myosin.
• A. Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle that is attached to bone
• by way of tendons.
• Contract under conscious control (Voluntary),
  contain striations is multinucleate.

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• B. Smooth Muscle -
• Forms part of the walls of blood vessels
  visceral organs.
• (Involuntary Control) and does not contain
  striations.
• Propels material as it passes through body tubes
  alters the size of organs.

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• C. Cardiac Muscle
• Muscle that forms the walls of the heart and
  helps propel blood through the bodys system of
  vessels.
• Not under conscious control, but can be
  influenced.
• Intercalated discs specialized gap junctions
  to coordinate the contraction of the heart.

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• 4. Nervous Tissue - Has conductivity
  excitability properties.
• A. Neurons - conduct electric chemical signals
  very rapidly (action potnetial).
• B. Neuroglia Cells - support maintain the
  neurons.

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Structure of a Neuron
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• 5. Membranes
• Simplest combination of tissues in the body that
  forms a functional unit.
• Consist of connective tissue usually associated
  with epithelial tissue are highly vascular -
  epithelial membranes.

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• A. Cutaneous Membrane skin

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• B. Serous Membrane
• Simple squamous produces a watery secretion.
• Lines the internal surfaces of the thoracic
  abdominopelvic cavities.
• Provides a watery fluid for lubrication.

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• Pericardium - surround the heart.
• Pleural -surround each of the lungs.
• Peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity
  covers most of the organs.

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• C. Mucous Membrane
• Various kinds of epithelium resting on a layer
  of loose connective tissue.
• Line the internal walls of the digestive tract,
  respiratory tract, reproductive tract, urinary
  tract, urethra.
• Secrete mucus that traps foreign particles
  maintain a moist environment. Forms a protective
  layer over cells.
• Rhinitis swelling of the nasal membranes due
  to a cold or allergies.

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• D. Synovial Membranes
• Line the wall of cavities of certain joints.
• Secrete a synovial fluid which lubricates
  nourishes joint cartilage.

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• Inflammation/ Injury
• Results
• Mediators/inflammation are chemicals are released
  in the injured tissue.
• ex. Histamines, kinins, prostaglandins.

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• Blood vessel dilation.
• .

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• 4. Edema
• .

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Mechanisms to help Injury
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• Chronic Inflammation
• Whatever is causing the inflammation is not
  removed.

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Tissues Aging

• Athletic performance
• declines 30-35
• Cells divide slower (lower RBC production, slower
  recovery from injuries.
• Matrix changes less flexible streching, walls
  of arteries