NANOBIOSENSORS

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NANOBIOSENSORS

• Cagri Ozge Topal
• OSU ECEN 5060 Nanotechnology

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Abstract

• The revolution of nanotechnology in molecular
  biology gives an
• opportunity to detect and manipulate atoms and
  molecules at the
• molecular and cellular level.
• Definition of Nanobiosensor
• History
• Types of Nanobiosensors
• Working Principle and Fabrication of Optical and
  FET Nanobiosensors
• Application Areas and Current Research
• Future Research

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What is a Nanobiosensor?

• A biosensor is a measurement system for the
  detection of an analyte that combines a
  biological component with a physicochemical
  detector, and a nanobiosensor is a biosensor that
  on the nano-scale size
• Nanobiosensor
• Transducer Detector Biological Recognition
  Element
• (Bioreceptor)
• Living biological
  system
• (cell, tissue or whole organism)
• Biological
  molecular species
• (antibody, enzyme, protein)

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Biosensor Development

• 1916 First report on the immobilization of
  proteins adsorption of invertase on activated
  charcoal.
• 1956 Invention of the first oxygen electrode
  Leland Clark
• 1962 First description of a biosensor an
  amperometric enzyme electrode for glucose.
  Leland Clark, New York Academy of Sciences
  Symposium
• 1969 First potentiometric biosensor urease
  immobilized on an ammonia electrode to detect
  urea. Guilbault and Montalvo
• 1970 Invention of the Ion-Selective Field-Effect
  Transistor (ISFET).
• 1972/5 First commercial biosensor Yellow Springs
  Instruments glucose biosensor.
• 1976 First bedside artificial pancreas Clemens
  et al.
• 1980 First fiber optic pH sensor for in vivo
  blood gases.
• 1982 First fiber optic-based biosensor for
  glucose
• 1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
  immunosensor.
• 1987 Launch of the blood glucose biosensor
  MediSense

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Theory

• Principle of Detection
• Piezoelectric Mass
• Electrochemical Electric distribution
• Optical Light intensity
• Calorimetric Heat
• Types of Nanobiosensors
• Optical Biosensors Nanotube Based Biosensors
• Electrical Biosensors Viral Nanosensors
• Electrochemical Biosensors Nanoshell
  Biosensors
• Nanowire Biosensors

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Theory

• Optical Nanobiosensors
• A sensor that uses light to detect the effect of
  a chemical on a biological system. Kopelman et
  al.
• The small size of the optical fibers allow
  sensing intracelular intercelular physiological
  and biological parameter in micro- environment.
• Two kind
  of fabrication methods for optical fiber
  tips
• 1) Heat and Pull
  Method
• 2) Chemical
  Etching

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Theory

• Nanowire Field Effect Nanobiosensors(FET)
• Sensing Element
• Semiconductor channel (nanowire) of
  the transistor.
• The semiconductor channel is fabricated using
  nanomaterials such
• a carbon nanotubes,metal oxide nanowires or Si
  nanowires.
• Very high surface to volume radio and very large
  portion of the atoms are located on the surface.
  Extremely sensitive to environment

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Applications of Nanobiosensors

• Biological Applications
• DNA Sensors Genetic monitoring, disease
• Immunosensors HIV, Hepatitis,other viral diseas,
  drug testing, environmental monitoring
• Cell-based Sensors functional sensors, drug
  testing
• Point-of-care sensors blood, urine,
  electrolytes, gases, steroids,
• drugs, hormones, proteins, other
• Bacteria Sensors (E-coli, streptococcus, other)
  food industry,
• medicine, environmental, other.
• Enzyme sensors diabetics, drug testing, other.
• Environmental Applications
• Detection of environmental pollution and toxicity
• Agricultural monitoring
• Ground water screening
• Ocean monitoring

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Future Application

• Cancer Monitoring
• Nanobiosensors play a very important role for
  early cancer detection in
• body fluids.
• The sensor is coated with a cancer-specific
  antibody or other
• biorecognation ligands. The capture of a cancer
  cell or a target protein
• yields electrical, optical or mechanical signal
  for detection. Professor
• Calum McNeil detection of cancer proteins that
  cause MRSA
• Identification of Biomarkers
• ?
• Validation of Cancer Biomarkers
• ?
• Cancer Biomarkers
• ?
• Ligands / Probes Developments
• ?
• Cancer Diagnostics Biosensor ? Detector
• ?

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References

• Cullum, B.(2000). The development of optical
  nanosensors for biological measurements. Trends
  in Biotechnology, Vol 18,388-393.
• Vo-Dihn, T.(2002).Nanobiosensors Probing the
  sanctuary of individual living cells. Journal of
  Cellular Biochemistry Supplement, Vol. 39,
  154-161
• Pathak, P. et al.(2007). Cancer Research -
  Nanoparticles, nanobiosensors and their use in
  cancer research. Journal of Nanotechnology
  Online, Vol.3, 1-14.
• Rogers, K.(2006). Recent advances in biosensor
  techniques for environmental monitoring.
  Analitica Chimica Acta. Vol. 568(1-2), 599-624.
• Li, C. (2005).Complementary Detection of
  Prostate-Specific Antigen Using In2O3 Nanowires
  and Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of the American
  Chemical Society, Vol.127(36), 12484-12485.