Area 1

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Area 1

• Choosing sides and war plans

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The First World War

• Product of Multiple Factors
• Militarism
• development of naval arms race
• Alliances
• agreement to protect one another
• Alliance System existed prior to the war
• Imperialism
• Industrialization Imperialism went hand in
  hand
• Nationalism
• National interest should come ahead of global

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Alliance System

• Triple Alliance
• Austria-Hungary
• Germany
• Italy

• Triple Entente
• Great Britain
• Russia (Serbia)
• France

• Provided international security. Nations were
  reluctant to disturb the balance of power. If
  there was a conflict with one, all the others
  would be brought in.

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Europe 1914
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The Balkins 1914
Balkin Peninsula- Powder Keg of Europe
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand His Family
June 1914 Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the
Austria-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie,
were assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
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The Assassination
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The Immediate Cause of the War

• Gavrilo Princip
• A teenage member of the secret society Black Hand
  was the assassin
• The societys aim was to unite all Serbians
• July 28, 1914 Austria blamed Serbia, who was
  allied with Russia. Austria declared a bright,
  brisk little war against Serbia
• This forces the alliance system into effect.
• August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia.
• This draws France and Great Britain into the war.

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The Assassin
Gavrilo Princip
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Most of the World Was Divided Into 2 Groups

• Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire

• Allied Powers.
• Russia
• Great Britain
• France
• More than 20 other nations eventually joined,
  including.
• Italy and the U.S.

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Area 2

• Strategy

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1. Schlieffen Plan

• Alfred von Schlieffen developed a plan to defend
  Germany against France Britain
• Needed to defeat France before Russia was able to
  arm themselves
• Attach France from the north through the low lands

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Fronts combat zones, many small wars fought at
once.

• Europe was divided into two fronts
• Western
• Eastern

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Western Front

• Northern France and Southern Belgium
• France and Britain vs. Germany

This map shows the Western Front. The
battlefields (shown in gray) are located along a
450 mile stretch and run across many different
types of ground. The Northern end of the front
began on the sandy dunes of the Belgian coast. It
continued south through northern France then east
through the provinces of Lorraine and Alsace,
both then occupied by Imperial Germany, finally
terminating on the Swiss border in the south.
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Location of Trenches
Two parallel trench lines running from the North
Sea all the way to the border of Switzerland.
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WOW!

• If all of the trenches constructed during World
  War I were laid end to end, they would cover
  25,000 miles!

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2. Trench Warfare

• Soldiers dug long trenches protected by mines and
  barbed wire.
• Front Line Brunt enemy attacks
• Reserve Line When Front Line was overwhelmed,
  the troops in the reserve trench would be used as
  support
• Support Line Mainly used to rest troops although
  could be called upon to help in a crisis.
• Sap / Fire trenches went into no-mans land.
  Very dangerous.
• All the trenches were linked by communications
  trenches.

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Cross Section of a Trench
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Trench Warfare
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Trench Warfare Continued

• Each trench 10 feet deep
• Fire Step a ledge halfway up the trench, where
  people would shoot from.
• Dugout - holes dug into the sides of the trench
  used for sleeping.

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Trench Warfare
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Problems of Trench Warfare
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Trench Foot
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• 1000s of soldiers were killed in battles that
  won very little territory.
• November 1914 there was a stalemate.
• Stalemate a situation in which no one can win

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Area 3

• Weapons of War

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New Weapons

• Resulted in a different type of war
• Mechanized Warfare

• Machine Guns
• Poisonous Gas
• Tanks
• Aircraft (Balloons)
• Submarines / U-Boats

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Poison Gas

• Chemical warfare, used by both sides, made gas
  masks necessary

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Flame Throwers
Grenade Launchers
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The Airplane
Squadron Over the BrentaMax Edler von Poosch,
1917
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The Zeppelin
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Mobilization

• No major wars in 50 years!
• Conscription

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Fighting Starts

• August 4, 1914 - Germany invades Belgium
• Unable to save Belgium - British French retreat
  to Marne River in France
• Battle of Marne
• Took Germans 3 weeks to cross Belgium
• this gave France Britain time to rush troops
• September 1914-Stopped German advance
• Spring 1915- two lines of trenches lined northern
  eastern France (German in one Allied in
  other)
• First Battle of Somme- July 1, 1916 to
  Mid-November
• British lost 60,000 men in the first day
• Final casualties totaled 1.2 million
• Only 7 miles of ground changed hands - Trench
  Warfare

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Eastern Front

• Russia had the largest army but they were
  unskilled and unarmed
• Suffered terrible losses
• 1917Russia pulls out of war

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War Is HELL !!
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Area 4

• America Enters the War

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U-Boats
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Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
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American Neutrality

• Tried to remain neutral during the early years of
  war
• Warned Germany if anymore supply ships were sunk
  US would get involved
• Many ships were hiding supplies

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American Neutrality

• Opposition to the war
• Millions of Americans watched closely
• Many still had ties to their home country
• Believed war was evil
• America should set an example for peace

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American Neutrality

• Sympathy for Allies
• France England
• common bond- Language, culture, democratic
  institutions
• Belgium
• after Germany destroyed everything in its path
• Economic ties were stronger with Allies

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Sinking of the Lusitania

• January 31, 1917
• Germany adopts a policy of unrestricted submarine
  warfare
• US cuts off all ties with Germany
• May 7, 1915
• British liner, Lusitania, off the coast of
  Ireland sunk by U-Boat
• 128 Americans dead

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Zimmerman Note

• Intercepted by British officials
• Germany promised Texas, Arizona NM to Mexico if
  they joined Central powers
• April 6, 1917
• US declared war on Germany
• US was not prepared

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The YanksAre Coming!
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American Effort

• Military consisted of 200,000 men
• Few had combat experience
• Draft by 1918 24 million draftees
• About 2 million reached Europe

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War Effort

• Women were not drafted
• Could not enlist
• Could volunteer for non-combat positions
• Encouraged to aide the war effort from home

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Financing the War
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American Poster
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Americans in the Trenches
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Sacrifices in War
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The Tide Turns.. Western Front

• With Russia out, Germany turns shifts its army to
  the Western Front (France)
• July August
• Americans help in the 2nd Battle of Marne
• US lost
• 48,000 men in battle - 62,000 from disease
• 200,000 wounded
• Even with the loss of lives the tide turned
  against Central Powers

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Area 5

• Results of the War

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Collapse of Germany

• Nov. 1918 Admiral orders German ships to leave
  port
• Sailors felt there was no longer any use in
  fighting
• Rebellion in Berlin
• Kaiser abdicates the throne flees to the
  Netherlands
• Austria-Hungary was spinning towards collapse

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11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
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The Peace Process

• January 18, 1919 A peace conference began at
  Versailles.
• The four great powers dominated.
• Each leader has his own motives and interests.

In 1919, the Big 4 met in Paris to negotiate the
Treaty. Lloyd George of Britain, Orlando of
Italy, Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson
of the U.S.
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Italy Orlando- Wanted what was Promised to
Italy for getting into the War
France Clemenceau- Wanted Germany Destroyed
United States Wilson- League of Nations
England Lloyd George- Moderate
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Results of the Treaty

• The Allied Powers Goal was to punish Germany.
• They forced the country to pay reparations for
  the damage it created.
• Wilson created the 14 Points to keep peace.
• One of the points called for the League of
  Nations to be formed in order to prevent World
  Wars from breaking out.

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Wilsons 14 Points

• January 1918
• Freedom of Seas
• Free trade
• Reduction of arms
• End to Secret Treaties
• A League of Nations

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The Treaty Of Versailles

• Harsh Toward Germany
• Lost 13 of its land
• Poland became a nation
• All of Germanys land in Africa was divided among
  allies as mandates
• German military limited
• Size 100,000
• No manufacture of war material
• No subs or airplanes
• No troops in Rhineland
• War Guilt clause Germany had to pay 31 billion
  in reparations

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Treaty Results Continued

• As a result of the War, Europe looked totally
  different.
• The harsh treatment of Germany would bankrupt the
  nation and give rise to Hitler.

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Treaty Results Continued

• As a result of the War, Europe looked totally
  different.
• New countries were formed
• The Treaty of Versailles, it was a fragile truce
  it caused future problems in Europe.

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• Europe 1919

• Europe 1914

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Militarism Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers
Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus. in millions of
s.
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
France 10
Britain 13
Russia 39
Germany 73
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World War I Casualties
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