Exchange Points, Route Servers and Registries

1
Exchange Points, Route Servers and Registries

• Abha Ahuja
• ahuja_at_wibh.net

2
Objectives

• To be able to explain what is an exchange point
• To be able to explain why people use XPs
• To understand why XPs are important
• To review some current XP designs used today
• To think about how to set up an exchange point in
  your environment
• To understand why Route Servers are useful
• To be able to explain what routing registries do
  and why you should use one

3
Introduction to Exchange Points

• A bit of history
• What are they?
• Why use them?

4
A Bit of History

• End of NSFnet - one major backbone
• move towards commercial Internet
• private companies selling their bandwidth
• need for coordination of routing exchange between
  providers
• Traffic from ISP A needs to get to ISP B
• Routing Arbiter project created to facilitate this

5
What is an Exchange Point?

• Network Access Points (NAPs) established at end
  of NSFnet
• original exchange points
• Major providers connect their networks and
  exchange traffic
• High-speed network or switch
• Simple concept - anyplace where providers come
  together to exchange traffic

6
Exchange points
ISP A
XP 1
XP 2
ISP B
ISPs connect at Exchange Points or Network Access
Points to exchange traffic
7
Conceptual Diagram of XP
Exchange Point Medium
Customer Router
Customer Router
Customer Router
8
Why use an Exchange Point?

• Routers are attached to exchange traffic
• MLPA, bilateral, customer/transit relationships
• Examples in U.S
• AADS
• Mae-East/Mae-West
• Pacbell
• PAIX

9
Why XPs?

• Multiple service providers
• Each with Internet connectivity

10
Why XPs?

• Is not cost effective
• Backhaul issue causes cost to both parties

11
Why XPs?

• Domestic Interconnection

12
Exchange Structures

• layer 2 models (the NAP or IX)
• tailored bilateral policies

13
Why use an Exchange Point?

• Peering
• Shared medium vs. point-to-point
• Shared
• can exchange traffic with multiple peers at one
  location via one interface
• Point-to-Point
• for high volumes of traffic

14
Why use an Exchange Point?

• KEEP LOCAL TRAFFIC LOCAL!!!
• ISPs within a region peer with each other at
  local exchange
• No need to have traffic go overseas only to come
  back

15
The Need for Exchanges
AS 1
US
AFRICA
AS 2
16
The Need for Exchanges
AS 1
US
AFRICA
AS 2

• Keep Local Traffic Local!

17
Exchange Point Design

• Ethernet
• FDDI
• ATM
• Designs range from the simple to the complex
• Fddi gigaswitches to ethernet switches (or hubs!)

18
When can an XP be a bad thing?

• Too many exchange points in one region
• competing exchanges defeats the purpose
• Becomes expensive for ISPs to connect to all of
  them

19
Exchange Point policies/politics

• AUPs
• acceptable use policy
• rules for connection
• Fees?
• Nobody is obliged to peer
• Dont spoof

20
Exchange Point etiquette

• Dont point default
• Third-party next-hop
• Filter! Filter! Filter!
• Or do reverse path check

21
Exchange Point examples

• Pacbell in California, USA
• trunked (geographically diverse) ATM switches
• PAIX in Palo Alto, California, USA
• Fddi gigaswitches
• SIX in Seattle
• Ethernet hub in someones machine room
• JINX in Johannesburg
• Ethernet switch in ISP association colocation
  facility

22
Exchange Point examples

• LINX in London, UK
• Ethernet switches
• AMS-IX in Amsterdam
• Ethernet switches
• NSPIXP-2 in Tokyo, Japan
• Ethernet switches

23
Features of XPs

• Redundancy
• multiple switches
• support
• NOC to provide 24x7 support for problems at the
  exchange
• DNS, Routing Registries, NTP servers
• servers often colocated at these centralized
  points

24
Features of XPs

• location
• neutral colocation facilities
• address space
• AS
• Route servers
• statistics

25
More info about IXs

• http//www.ep.net
• excellent resources about ip address allocation
  for exchanges, locations of XPs in the world,
  AUPs and other policies
• http//www.rsng.net
• route server and statistics resource

26
Sample XPs

• SIX
• MAE-LA
• LINX
• HKIX

27
Things to think about...

• Do you need to be at an Exchange Point?
• Would you want to start an Exchange Point?
• Would keeping local traffic local benefit your
  ISP?
• Would your environment (politically, etc.)
  support an Exchange Point?

28
Discussion

• How would you build an exchange point in your
  environment?
• Who would connect?
• What services would you provide?
• What policies would you enforce?
• What does your environment look like?
• Is it feasible to set up an XP?

29
Important to Remember...

• Exchange Points can be as simple as a HUB!!!!
• Keeping local traffic local
• improves performance
• cheaper
• often simple to do!

30
Exercise - The Benefits of Exchange Points
31
B
213.172.133.112/28
C
D
213.172.133.128/28
213.172.133.144/28
F
E
213.172.133.160/28
213.172.133.176/28
G
H
213.172.133.192/28
213.172.133.208/28
I
J
213.172.133.224/28
213.172.133.240/28
SWITCH
32
A
B
Router
PC
Router
PC
C
D
PC
Router
PC
Router
F
E
PC
Router
PC
Router
G
H
PC
Router
PC
Router
I
J
PC
Router
PC
Router
SWITCH
33
PEERING SESSIONS and AS information
Upstream AS 11 router
A
B
AS 1
AS 2
C
D
AS 4
AS 3
F
E
AS 5
AS 6
G
H
AS 7
AS 8
I
J
AS 9
AS 10
EBGP peering session
34
PEERING SESSIONS and AS information
Upstream AS 11 router
A
B
AS 1
AS 2
C
D
AS 4
AS 3
HUB
F
E
AS 5
AS 6
G
H
AS 7
AS 8
I
J
AS 9
AS 10
EBGP peering session
35
Route Server Background

• What is a Route Server?
• Features of a Route Server
• Advantages of using a Route Server
• Exchange Point Design with a Route Server

36
What is a Route Server?

• Unix box which runs Route Server software
• Exchanges routing information with service
  provider routers at a NAP based on policy
• Does not forward packets

37
Route Server at an XP
R1
NAP
R3
R2
ROUTE SERVER
38
Features of a Route Server

• Scalable Routing
• Simplified Routing Processes on ISP Routers
• Insertion of RS Autonomous System Number in the
  Routing Path

39
Features of a Route Server (con)

• Handling of Multi-Exit Discriminator
• Route Flap Dampening Mechanism
• Uses Policy registered in IRR

40
Diagram of N-squared Mesh
41
With the Route Servers
42
RS Exchange Point Routing Flow
TRAFFIC FLOW
ROUTING INFORMATION FLOW
43
Advantages of Using a Route Server

• Scalable Routing
• Separation of Routing and Forwarding
• Simplify Routing Configuration Management on ISPs
  routers
• Enforce Good Routing Engineering

44
Advantages of Using a Route Server (con)

• PREVENTS SPREAD OF BOGUS ROUTING INFORMATION!

45
Peering with the Route Servers

• Any ISP attached to a NAP can peer with the Route
  Servers
• ISP must register their policy in the Internet
  Routing Registry
• Must use BGP

46
RSd

• Route Server Daemon
• Originally developed by ISI during RA project
• Developed from GateD
• Multi-view
• eBGP only
• Uses import-from only

47
Things to think about...

• How would using a route server benefit you?
• Consider setting one up yourself for your
  community, or talk to Merit...

48
Route Server References

• http//www.rsng.net
• http//www.merit.edu/ipma
• http//www.isi.edu/ra

49
What is the Routing Registry?

• contact names, email addresses and telephone
  numbers for an AS
• routing policy for an AS (what other ASes does it
  connect to, which routes do they exchange)
• information about routes (most important is which
  AS originates the route)
• several other types of information

50
What is the Routing Registry?

• Distributed database collectively known as
  Internet Routing Registry (IRR)
• RADB, RIPE, CW, ANS, Canet
• http//www.irr.net/docs/list.html
• Providers register routing policy
• Used for planning, debugging and generating
  backbone router configs
• http//www.radb.net/

51
What is the Routing Registry?

• Can be used by anyone worldwide
• debugging
• configuring
• engineering routing
• addressing

52
What happens if I dont use a database?

• Routing Horror Stories
• AS7007
• announcing bogus routes

53
So, I need to use the database because..

• Filters generated off the IRR protect against
  inaccurate routing information
• Makes troubleshooting and debugging easier
• Keep track of policy
• Security
• Filter! Filter! Filter!!

54
Why Bother with all of this?

• View of global routing policy in a single
  cooperatively maintained database
• to improve integrity of Internets routing
• generate router configs
• protect against inaccurate routing info
  distribution
• verification of Internet routing

55
Why Bother using the database (con)

• Many providers require that you register your
  policy (or they wont peer with you)

56
Describing Policy

• Use the policy languages to describe your
  relationship with other Peers
• routes importing
• routes exporting
• specific policies
• interfaces, MEDs, communities
• register routes
• with origin AS

57
Querying the Database

• whois -h whois.radb.net AS237
• whois -h whois.radb.net MAINT-AS237
• whois -h whois.radb.net 198.108.60.0

58
How to Register your IRR policy

• Register one or more maintainers
• Register AS and policy information
• Register Routes
• Describes your import and export policy
• At the very least, provides contact information

59
Router Configuration

• Currently configs by hand - slow and inaccurate
• Configuring routers using the IRR
• lots of tools available!!!
• RtConfig by ISI
• route and Aspath filters.
• Import and export
• Filtering is a good thing...

60
Router Configuration

• Currently configs by hand - slow and inaccurate
• Configuring routers using the IRR
• lots of tools available!!!
• Filtering is a good thing...
• Plans for some routers to support RPSL directly

61
Router Configuration
62
How do I use the IRR to generate configs?

• Tools available to generate config files
• gated
• rsd
• Cisco
• RAToolSet
• http//www.isi.edu/ra/RAToolSet
• RtConfig
• Aoe, Roe

63
How do I participate?

• Set up your own registry
• Private for your ISP?
• Community for the region?
• Download the software (IRRd)
• Use the RADB

64
Specifics

• Register your policy in the RADB
• Merit can assist (db-admin_at_radb.net)
• Questions? Need help?
• irrd-support_at_merit.edu
• db-admin_at_radb.net

65
Things to think about...

• How would you register your policy?
• Try to describe it in an aut-num object
• How would registering your policy benefit you?
  The community?

66
Resources

• http//www.radb.net
• http//www.irrd.net
• http//www.isi.edu/ra/rps
• http//www.isi.edu/ra/RAToolSet
• http//www.ietf.org/html.charters/rps-charter.html
  
• http//www.rsng.net
• http//www.ripe.net