Globalization

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Globalization
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Globalization

• Broad definition to make world-wide in scope or
  application.
• 1990s much narrower definition the rise of
  market capitalism around the world.

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• the growing economic interdependence of
  countries world-wide through the increasing
  volume and variety of cross-border transactions
  in goods and services and of international
  capital flows, and also through the more rapid
  and widespread diffusion of technology.

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• the growing interdependence of countries
  resulting from the increasing integration of
  trade, finance, people and ideas in one global
  marketplace.

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Peter Haggett

• the process by which events,
• activities and decisions in one part of the
  world can have significant consequences for
  communities in distant parts of the world.

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Globalization

• is taking place because of growth in
• international trade
• transnational corporations (TNCs)
• international economic agreements
• trading blocs
• global movements of capital

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More integration after World War 2 and since the
mid-1980s

1. Advances in technology have reduced the costs of
   transport, communication and information transfer
   (enabling TNCs).
2. Since the 1980s and 1990s governments have
   increasingly replaced protectionist trading
   policies with free trade policies.

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Bodies that encourage such a trend

• World Bank
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)

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Globalization has boosted economic growth in

• Hong Kong
• South Korea
• Singapore
• small wealthy elites

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Globalization has hurt the economies of

• most of the countries in Africa
• the countries of the former Soviet Union
• larger poorer sections of populations

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Donald Janelle, 1969

• Improvements in transport technology have
  the effect of moving places towards one
  another.

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Time-space convergence has not occurred evenly
for people in all parts of the world

• If we are now all in each others backyard,
  then it is because some people have never left
  their own backyard just as much as it is because
  other people have the wealth and means to visit
  someone elses backyard.
• In other words many people in the world will
  spend their lives in local space.

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What is culture?

• Culture can be defined as the framework of
  shared meanings which people who belong to the
  same community (or group or nation) use to help
  them interpret and make sense of the world.

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In other words, a culture is the expression of
peoples worldview.

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• Culture defines the lifestyle of people, and
  also their values and beliefs.

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Culture is expressed in many ways

• language
• customs
• traditions
• thinking
• behaviour
• faith
• music
• clothing
• art
• technology
• food
• architecture
• dance
• etcetera (cultural traits)

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Globalization works against the preservation of
traditional cultures
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• The speed with which cultural influences move
  from place to place has never been more rapid
  than it is today.

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However, globalization is not a new or recent
process

• Year 800 The Serbian general Charlemagne
  conquered vast areas of Europe (Christianity and
  Latin language).
• 1100s and 1200s ? Christian and Islamic cultural
  influences spread further.
• 1400s to 1800s Chinese influence throughout
  South-East Asia.

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Cultural diffusion has occurred through

• traders
• trading links
• investments in new areas
• expansion of production of raw materials
• conquest and colonisation
• migration of colonists to new colonies

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• Traders and colonists exported the culture of
  their home societies.

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Cultural influences in the contact zones also
show in less visible ways

• religion
• language
• legal systems
• education

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Today trade is more important than colonisation
in promoting cultural diffusion

• Anomalies
• the Indonesian influence on Irian Jaya
• the Chinese influence on Tibet
• and until 1989, the Russian influence in Eastern
  Europe

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Expansion diffusion

• An idea develops or exists in a source area
  and then spreads into other areas while remaining
  strong at the source.
• Example Islam
• The Arabian Peninsula of the Middle East ?
  through North Africa, the rest of the Middle
  East, East Africa and parts of South-East Asia

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Relocation diffusion

• People who have adopted a new idea or belief
  carry it to a new destination.
• Example Christianity from Israel ? Europe and
  then on to Africa, Asia and South America.

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Distance-time decay

• The further an idea has to travel, the less
  likely it is to be adopted in new areas.

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Mass consumer culture can be adopted or adapted
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Adopted

• It is taken on board in its entirety.

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Adapted

• It is modified in some way, usually so it can
  be accommodated within their traditional belief
  system.
• Example When Buddhism spread from India to
  Myanmar, Buddha was made the supreme spirit nat.

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Reverse adaptation

• Salmon wraps at Bekkestua McDonalds.
• Norwegian McDonald's to serve salmon wraps Thu
  Jun 14, 2007 929am
• OSLO, June 14 (Reuters) - McDonald's restaurants
  in Norway will launch a new fresh salmon wrap in
  August to satisfy increasing demand from
  consumers for healthy food, company officials
  said on Thursday.The Nordic nation is the world's
  biggest salmon exporter."It's local, it's
  Norwegian, and something we are proud to be
  launching, and it fits into the trend that people
  want to eat more healthily," said Margaret
  Brusletto, spokeswoman for McDonald's (MCD.N
  Quote, Profile, Research, Stock Buzz) Norwegian
  subsidiary.

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• Because of the adaptability of cultures,
  globalization has not resulted in all places
  becoming the same, although there is certainly
  greater mixing (or hybridisation) of cultures.

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• Cultural diffusion is not a new process, and
  although the pace of cultural change is
  accelerating, the impact is uneven across the
  world some places are more accepting of global
  cultural changes while others are more resistant.