The United States in

1
The United States in

• North Africa

2
Colonial North Africa

• French had taken Algeria 1830
• Tunisia 1881
• Morocco 1912

3
Colonial N. Africa, 1940
4
Rise of Nationalism

• Small nationalist movements
• Tunisia Neo-Destour (Habib Bourguiba) (mainly
  middle class)

5
Tunisia

• French leave fall 1942
• German-Italian occupation
• Bourguiba remains loyal to De Gaulle
• Some nationalists collaborate

6
Morocco

• Sultan Muhammad V emerges as nationalist
• During Vichy, Sultan disagrees with persecution
  of Moroccan Jews, though he has little power

7
Algeria

• 3 nationalist groups
• Ferhat Abbas - French-speaking middle class
• Salafis - Muslim revivalists (Ben Badis)
  popular among masses
• Workers (Messali Hadj) (in France and Algeria)

8
Free French and Syria

• 1941 - Under Anglo-US pressure,
• Gen. Charles De Gaulle of Free French
• Promises Lebanon and Syria independence after war

9
Impact of War

• Destruction of cities, ports
• Tobruk, Benghazi, Tripoli
• Roads, bridges, power stations blown up
• Italians conscript Libyans, many die
• Long-term impact of mines

10
Casablanca

• Roosevelt comes to Morocco Jan. 1943
• For Casablanca Conference
• Meets Sultan

11
Roosevelt

• Secretly promises Sultan Muhammad V
• That Morocco will be independent
• Offers US economic aid

12
Morocco

• 10 Dec. 1943
• Istiqlal Party established
• 3000 nationalists

13
Istiqlal

• Jan. 1944 demonstrations
• Brutally put down by French
• Sultan, Istiqlal gain popularity
• Fail to get independence in 1945

14
Algerian Independence Movement

• Ferhat Abbas Algerian Manifesto, Dec. 1942
• Presented to Allies, French
• Sought independence for Algeria

15
Half Measures

• De Gaulle admitted that North African Muslims had
  remained loyal
• 1943 some Muslims given French citizenship
• Not enough for most

16
(No Transcript)
17
Syria

• 1941 British attack Vichy Syria Lebanon
• In alliance with Arab Brigade of Jordan
• Take them in June 1941

18
Iraq

• Iraq independent 1932
• Iraqi officer corps makes coup 1936
• Sympathizes with Hitler as anti-imperialist

19
Issue of Germany

• Conservative pro-British PM
• Nuri es-Said
• Cuts off relations with Germany 1939
• Opposed by successor, Rashid Ali

20
Rashid Ali

• 3 April 1941 military coup
• Installs Rashid Ali as PM
• Spokesman for Golden Square military clique
• Besieges British air base at Habbaniyah

21
British Invasion

• Churchill insists on action
• British invade from India
• Arab Legion comes from Jordan
• Habbaniyah-based Royal Air Force decimates Iraqi
  military

22
Baghdad Falls

• British take Baghdad
• Restore Nuri es-Said as Prime Minister
• Safeguard British petroleum interests at Mosul
  Kirkuk from Germans

23
Conclusion

• Germans wanted Suez Canal,
• Petroleum resources of Middle East
• British keep them out of Egypt, Iraq
• But cannot decisively defeat them
• Rise of US as Power in North Africa, Iran