Japanese Internment 1942-1945

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Japanese Internment1942-1945

• US History

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Standard 11.7

• Students analyze Americas participation in World
  War II.

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Introduction to the Japanese Internment

• Part I

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Differences associated with the Japanese

• Issei - first generation
• Nisei - second generation
• Nikkei - people placed in the camps
• Kibei - people who go to Japan and then return to
  U. S.

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People Associated with the Japanese Internment

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt - signed the Executive
  Order 9066
• General John De Witt handled the internment of
  Japanese

FDR
General De Witt
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Reasons for disliking the Asians in the 1800's

• Racial hatred for the Asians who arrived to work
  for the railroads and mining companies
• Chinese worked for low wages lived in poor
  living conditions.

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Reasons for disliking the Asians in the 1800's

• They accepted horrible working conditions in
  order to keep working in the United States
• Union workers considered them scabs because they
  replaced American workers who refused to
  cooperative with owners.

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Racist laws against the Asians

• Chinese could not testify in court
• people who were white could only receive
  citizenship
• The Gentlemen's Agreement- stopped Asian
  immigration into the United States in the 1880s.

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Racist laws against the Asians

• San Francisco's school board ordered that all
  Asian children be allowed to attend public
  schools, but could not associate with other
  children.
• Japanese children could not retain their dual
  citizenship. The parents had to make a choice
  within 14 days of the child's birth.

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Racist laws against the Asians

• Nisei people tried to adapt into the American
  culture, but were denied employment and
  education.

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Racist laws against the Asians

• With the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7,
  1941, racist laws were passed such as curfews for
  anyone who looked Asian.

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Placement in Camps

• Part II

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Executive Order 9066

• President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered all
  Japanese to be placed in camps.
• U. S. feared that the Japanese would threaten
  America's safety
• Japanese needed to register with Wartime Civil
  Control Administration.

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Executive Order 9066

• Japanese could only take what they could carry
  had one week to dispose of their belongs which
  were
• personal artifacts
• Houses
• Farms
• factories

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Japanese relocation camps

• Relocation Authority was responsible for building
  the 10 relocation camps. The security was
  prison-like.

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Japanese relocation camps

• Famous camps
• Mayer, Arizona
• Santa Anita, California
• Manzanar, California
• Potson, Washington
• Other camps were in Arkansas, Wyoming, and Utah

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Life in the Camps

• Part III

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Life in the Camps

• organized like army barracks, however five
  families had to live in one barrack or horse
  stable.
• communal bathrooms, eating halls and no privacy

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Life in the Camps

• men received 50 cents a day in food rations
• women received 39 cents a day in food rations

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Life in the camps

• camps were guarded 24 hours a day and people
  needed permission to leave their barracks
• after being in the camps, Japanese began to
  establish the following
• schools
• religious centers
• political councils

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Legal Issues

• Part IV

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Loyalty

• questionnaires were used to prove one's loyalty
• they had to prove that they would defend the
  United States
• some people renounced their Citizenship on
  protest of the horrible treatment in the camps

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Loyalty

• in 1959, the courts gave the Japanese their
  citizenship back
• the 442nd battalion, which was made up of
  Japanese-Americans, was highly decorated for
  their bravery during World War II.

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Supreme Court Cases

• Korematsu v. United States ruled that the camps
  were military necessities.
• Takao v. United States ruled that Asians could
  not be citizens because they were not protected
  under the law it only applied to whites and
  Blacks.

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Supreme Court Cases

• Hirabayashi v. United States ruled that it was
  legal to have curfew for the Japanese because of
  public safety. The Japanese were potentially
  dangerous.
• Endo v. United States ruled that civilians should
  not be placed in camps. Within a couple months,
  the Japanese were released.

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Life after the internment

• Part V

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Returning home from the camps

• possessions were stolen
• businesses were sold without permission
• friends refused to return possessions
• Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act
• handled claims inefficiently
• needed proper documentation to file claims but
  had difficulty in obtaining them
• very little money was given back

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Returning home from the camps

• poor blacks took over homes and jobs from the
  Japanese
• there were very few job openings or business
  opportunities
• Japanese were victims of physical abuse

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Attempts to return to normalcy

• difficulty in seeking work
• most jobs for the Japanese were gardening and
  domestic work
• war veterans sought recognition that they deserved

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Attempts to return to normalcy

• many moved to suburbs and into the middle class
  neighborhoods
• Asian teachers were hired in the LA school system
  (shut out before the war)
• considered "model minorities" because they did
  not participate in the civil rights movement or
  the Vietnam protests (they did not want to cause
  problems)

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Seeking redress for being in the camps

• President Ford revoked Executive Order 9066 and
  said it was wrong demanded compensation and an
  apology
• Civil Liberties Act (1988) was signed by
  President Reagan. It ordered money compensation
  for the Japanese.

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Seeking redress for being in the camps

• courts overturned previous 1940's cases
• Japanese received 20,000 in compensation