Introduction to Microbiology

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Introduction to Microbiology
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objectives

• Define microbiology
• Describe the contributions of scientists to the
  conquest of disease
• Identify basic health care procedures used to
  prevent and control disease

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Microbiology

• Study of microscopic (living ) things
• E.g.
• viruses, bacteria, algae, protists, fungi

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History of Microbiology

• 1590 First compound light microscope
  Zacharias Janssen

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History

• 1676 first observation of bacteria
  animalcules
• Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

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Spontaneous generation or abiogenesis

• Life can suddenly or spontaneously arise from
  decomposing nonliving matter

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• Decaying meat gave rise to maggots
• Sweat laden shirts stored with wheat in a dark
  area gave rise to mice
• Hairs from horses tail when placed in water
  produced worms

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Lazzaro spallananzani

• Lazzaro spallanzani

• Performed experiments to disprove the theory of
  spontaneous generation.
• Conducted the boiled meat broth experiment in a
  sealed flask

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History

• 1796 First vaccine (smallpox)
• Edward Jenner

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History

• 1857 Germ Theory of Disease Louis Pasteur

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Oliver wendall holmes

• Suggested that childbed fever a highly contagious
  disease, might be spread by the hands of doctors
  and nurses who went from one patient to another

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Ignaz phillipp semmelweis obstetrician

• Sometime later, noted death rates of patients
  being visited by physicians and medical students
  who had come from morgue or autopsy room were
  much higher

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John Tyndall

• Developed a method of killing heat resistant
  bacteria

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History

• 1867 Antiseptic Surgery
• Joseph Lister

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History

• 1884 Kochs Postulates of Disease
  Transmission
• Robert Koch

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Golden age of bacteriology

• Pasteur, lister, and Koch
• Pasteur institute paris 1888
• Germany infective disease institue Koch became
  professor

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History

• 1929 Discovery of Penicillin
• (first antibiotic)
• Alexander Fleming

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History

• 1938 First Electron Microscope
• The electron microscope is capable of magnifying
  biological specimens up to one million times.
  These computer enhanced images of 1. smallpox, 2.
  herpes simplex, and 3. mumps are magnified,
  respectively, 150,000, 150,000 and 90,000 times.

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History

• 1953 Structure of DNA Revealed
• Watson Crick

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History

• 1954 Polio Vaccine
• Jonas Salk

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CHICKEN POX

• 1995
• CONTRVERSIAL
• Disease not serious enough to warrant vaccine
• Effective about 10 years, child becoming adult
  and risk catching

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Haemophilus influenza type B

• Must part of all infant/children
• 2,4,6 months
• Causes meningitis, pneumonia, pericarditis,
  osteomyelitis
• spread by respiratory secretions by direct person
  to person contact

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hepatitis

• A,B,C,D,E,F,G alphabet soup
• Cure not on horizon
• Good hygiene, education
• Hep C stealth disease blood to blood contact

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HIV/ Aids

• Linked to several conditions
• Karposis sarcoma
• Pneumocystitis
• Much research continues in the U.S and around the
  world

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• Karposis sarcoma a rare skin cancer

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Emerging pathogens

• Candida albicans
• Coccidiodes immitis a soil fungus
• Cryptospiridia
• Tuberculosis

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Preventing infections

• Majority of microorganisms are harmless
• Prevention and control of disease is the
  responsibility of every member of the health care
  team
• Most important good handwashing!!!!!