Chapter 3: Solid Materials

1
Chapter 3 Solid Materials
Iron is taken from the earth and copper is
smelted from ore. Man puts an end to the
darkness he searches the farthest recesses for
ore in the darkness. The Bible (Job 282-3)
Image Iron flows from a blast furnace. Source
American Iron and Steel Institute.
2
Ductile Tension Test Specimens
Figure 3.1 Ductile material from a standard
tensile test apparatus. (a) Necking (b)
failure.
text reference Figure 3.1, page 90
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Brittle Tension Test Specimen
Figure 3.2 Failure of a brittle material from a
standard tesile test apparatus.
text reference Figure 3.2, page 91
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Strength/Density Comparison
Figure 3.3 Strength/density for various
materials.
text reference Figure 3.3, page 94
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Fiber Reinforced Composite
Figure 3.4 Cross section of fiber reinforced
composite material.
text reference Figure 3.4, page 95
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Ductile ?-? diagram
Figure 3.5 Stress-strain diagram for a ductile
material.
text reference Figure 3.5, , page 96
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Yield Strength Definition
Figure 3.6 Typical stress-strain behavior for
ductile metal showing elastic and plastic
deformations and yield strength Sy.
text reference Figure 3.6, page 97
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Brittle and Ductile Metal Comparison
Figure 3.7 Typical tensile stress-strain
diagrams for brittle and ductile metals loaded to
fracture.
text reference Figure 3.7, page 98
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Stress-Strain Diagram for a Ceramic
Figure 3.8 Stress-strain diagram for a ceramic
in tension and in compression.
text reference Figure 3.8, page 99
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Composite Bar
Figure 3.9 Bending strength of bar used in
Example 3.6.
text reference Figure 3.9, page 100
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Stress-Strain Diagram for Polymers
Figure 3.10 Stress-strain diagram for polymer
below, at, and above its glass transition
temperature Tg.
text reference Figure 3.10, page 101
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Density of Various Materials
Figure 3.11 Density for various metals,
polymers and ceramics at room temperature (20C,
68F) From ESDU (1984).
text reference Figure 3.11, page 102
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Density for Various Materials
Table 3.1 Density for various metals, polymers,
and ceramics at room temperature (20C 68F).
From ESDU (1984)
text reference Table 3.1, page 103
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Elastic Modulus for Various Materials
Figure 3.12 Modulus of elasticity for various
metals, polymers, and ceramics at room
temperature (20C, 68F) From ESDU (1984).
text reference Figure 3.12, page 105
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Elastic Modulus for Various Materials
Figure 3.12 Modulus of elasticity for various
metals, polymers, and ceramics at room
temperature (20C 68F). From ESDU (1984)
text reference Table 3.2, page 106
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Poissons Ratio for Various Materials
Table 3.3 Poissons ratio for various metals,
polymers, and ceramics at room temperature (20C
68F). From ESDU (1984)
text reference Table 3.3, page 107
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Thermal Condictivity for Various Materials
Figure 3.13 Thermal conductivity for various
metals, polymers, and ceramics at room
temperature (20C, 68F). From ESDU (1984).
text reference Figure 3.13, page 113
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Thermal Conductivity for Various Materials
Table 3.4 Thermal conductivity for various
metals, polymers, and ceramics at room
temperature (20C 68F). From ESDU(1984)
text reference Table 3.4, page 114
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Thermal Expansion Coefficient for Various
Materials
Figure 3.14 Linear thermal expansion coefficient
for various metals, polymers, and ceramics
applied over temperature range 20 to 200C (68 to
392F) From ESDU (1984).
text reference Figure 3.14, page 115
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Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient for Various
Materials
Table 3.5 Linear thermal expansion coefficient
for various metals, polymers and ceramics at room
temperature (20C 68F). From ESDU (1984)
text reference Table 3.5, page 116
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Specfic Heat Capacity for Various Materials
Figure 3.15 Specific heat capacity for various
metals, polymers, and ceramics at room
temperature (20C 68F) From ESDU (1984).
text reference Figure 3.15, page 117
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Specific Heat Capacity for Various Materials
Table 3.6 Specific heat capacity for various
metals, polymer, and ceramics at room temperature
(20C 68F). From ESDU (1984)
text reference Table 3.6, page 118
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Rigid Beam Assembly
Figure 3.16 Rigid beam assembly used in Example
3.12.
text reference Figure 3.16, page 120
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Elastic Modulus vs. Density
Figure 3.17 Modulus of Elasticity plotted
against density. The heavy envelopes enclose
data for a given class of material. The diagonal
contours show the longitudinal wave velocity.
The guidelines of constant E/?, E1/2/? , and
E1/3/? allow selection of materials for minimum
weight, deflection-limited design. From Ashby
(1992).
text reference Figure 3.17, page 122
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Material Classes
Table 3.7 Material classes and members and short
names of each member. From Ashby (1992).
text reference Table 3.7, page 123
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Material Classes (cont.)
Table 3.7 Material classes and members and short
names of each member. From Ashby (1992).
text reference Table 3.7, page 123
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Strength vs. Density
Figure 3.18 Strength plotted against density
(yield strength for metals and polymers,
compressive strength for ceramics, tear strength
for elastomers, and tensile strength for
composites). The guidelines of S/?, S2/3/?, and
S1/2/? allow selection of materials for
minimum-weight, yield-limited design. From Ashby
(1992).
text reference Figure 3.18, page 125
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Elastic Modulus vs. Strength
Figure 3.19 Modulus of elasticity plotted
against strength. The design guidelines help
with the selection of materials for such machine
elements as springs, knife-edges, diaphragms, and
hinges. From Ashby (1992).
text reference Figure 3.19, page 127
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Wear Constant vs. Limiting Pressure
Figure 3.20 Archard wear constant plotted
against limiting pressure. From Ashby (1992).
text reference Figure 3.20, page 129
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Elastic Modulus vs. Cost x Density
Figure 3.21 Modulus of elasticity plotted
against cost times density. The reference lines
help with selection of materials for machine
elements. From Ashby (1992).
text reference Figure 3.21, page 131