Stress

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Stress
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• Health psychology the field of psychology that
  uses psychological principles to encourage
  healthy life-styles and to minimize impact of
  physical illness.
• Stress - any event that exceeds an individual
  ability to cope.
• When the demands and pressures placed on
  managers do not match the resources available, or
  do not meet the individuals needs and
  motivations, stress can occur and endanger that
  persons health and well/being. In the short
  term,stress can be debilitating in the long
  term, stress can kill.
• Frustration - the result of being unable to
  satisfy the motive

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The social readjustment rating scale

• 26. Wife begins or stops work 26
• 27. Begin or end school 26
• 28. Change in living conditions 25
• 29. Revision of personal habits 24
• 30. Trouble with boss 23
• 31. Change in work hours or conditions 20
• 32. Change in residence 20
• 33. Change in school 20
• 34. Change in recreation 19
• 35. Change in religious activities 19
• 36. Change in social activities 18
• 38. Change in sleeping habits 16
• 39. Change in no. of family get- together 15
• 40. Change in eating habits 15
• 41. Vacation 13
• 42. Holidays 12
• 43. Minor violation of laws 11
• SCORING

• 1. Death of a spouse 100
• 2. Divorce 73
• 3. Marital Separation 65
• 4. Jail term 63
• 5. Death of a close family member 63
• 6. Personal injury or illness 53
• 7. Marriage 50
• 8. Fired at work 47
• 9. Marital reconciliation 45
• 10. Retirement 45
• 11. Change in health of family member 44
• 12. Pregnancy 40
• 13. Sex difficulties 39
• 14. Gain of a new family member 39
• 15. Business readjustments 39
• 16. Change in financial state 38
• 17. Death of a close friend 37
• 18. Change to different line of work 36
• 19. Change in no. of arguments with spouse 35

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Effect of stress on the body

• Well-documented effects that have been clearly
  related to four physiological systems that are
  particularly vulnerable to stress
• the cardiovascular system (heart and blood
  circulation system)
• the endocrine system ( the hormone system)
• the gastrointestinal system (digestive system)
• the immune system (the bodys defence system)
• The body reacts to stress in the first instance
  by invoking the flight or fight response. This
  reaction was very useful to our
  ancestors-enabling a quick response. to
  threatening situations. But in todays it is
  often impossible for people to fight stress or
  run away.

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• Disorder of the digestive tract
• When individuals are under stress, the stomach
  increases production of hydrochloric acid, which
  can cause inflammation and eventually lead to
  sores, or the ulcers on the lining of the
  digestive tract. It has also been suggested that
  intense stress levels over a long period of time,
  can increase the risk of developing conditions
  such as inflammatory bowel disease. Disorder of
  the digestive system including stomach pain,
  diarrhoea, constipation, loss of appetite and
  haemorrhoids, can also be caused.
• Effect on the hormone system
• The endocrine system produces chemical
  messengers or hormones which have an effect on
  almost every organ in the body. Stress can cause
  both over production and under production of
  several major components of the endocrine system,
  which in turn affect the major organs including
  the heart, lungs and brain, as well as the immune
  system, which is responsible for the bodys
  defence against disease. Hormones can also affect
  sleep patterns and induce changes in behaviour.
• Damaged defence system
• The immune system cares after the defence of the
  body against disease. People under stress suffer
  more minor illnesses such as colds and coughs,
  and may also be at greater risk of developing
  cancer. It appears that stress can alter the
  effectiveness of the immune system, and in some
  circumstances reduce its ability to defend
  against external infective agents. Stress can
  also worsen existing conditions such as asthma,
  dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Psychological effect
• Some of the ways in which people try to cope
  with stress can cause ill-health.Stress is often
  expressed by the increased consumption of
  caffeine, alcohol, cigarettes and other drugs
  such as tranquillisers. People under stress can
  become irritable, withdrawn, appear irrational,
  aggressive or even violent. This altered
  behaviour can also impact on relationships inside
  and outside work. Managers in high-stress
  occupations are more likely to suffer breakdown
  of relationships, family break-up and divorce.

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Cardiovascular symptoms

• Circulating cholesterol can injure arteries,
  especially the coronary ones that supply the
  heart. This leads to accumulation of
  cholesterol-laden "plaque" in vessel lining, the
  heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen, causing
  chest pain (angina). If it completely obstructs a
  coronary artery affected atherosclerosis, a heart
  attack (myocardial infarction) or death can
  occur.
• Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease
  and stroke, claims a life every 33 seconds.

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GAS

• Acording to Hans SELYE (1976), the mobilization
  of the body under stress is characterized by a
  three stage pattern of
• alarm reaction
• resistance
• exhaustion

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Burnout

• Stress is certainly the primary cause of the
  condition which has come to be known as
  burn-out. The three main components of burn-out
  are
• emotional exhaustion manifesting as tiredness,
  irritability, accident proneness, depression and
  excessive alcohol consumption.
• depersonalisation - treating other people as if
  they were objects.
• reduced productiveness accompanied by feelings of
  low achievement.
• Burn out can occur when mechanisms adopted by
  individuals for coping with stress eventually
  impair that persons normal functioning. In the
  most stressful occupations, in particular in
  health-care work, levels of suicide are
  alarmingly high.

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Factors affecting vulnerability to stress

• There are several factors which influence
  physical and psychological well-being, and these
  factors are interactive.
• 1. Physical well-being
• Healthy diet
• Avoiding alcohol, smoking and drugs, no excesses
• Regular of exercise
• 4. Emotional well-being
• Relaxation and enjoyment
• Balance between home and work
• Self-understanding and acceptance
• Saqtisfactory and trustworthy relationships,
  acceptance of others as they are especially
  acceptance of family members