Title: Table of Contents
1Table of Contents
Cell Reproduction
Chapter 8
- Section 1 Chromosomes
- Section 2 Cell Division
- Section 3 Meiosis
2Objectives
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
- Describe the structure of a chromosome.
- Identify the differences in structure between
prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic
chromosomes. - Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different
species. - Explain the differences between sex chromosomes
and autosomes. - Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.
3Chromosome Structure
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
- Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of DNA
and protein. - In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins called
histones to help maintain the compact structure
of chromosomes.
4Chromosome Structure
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
5Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Parts of a Chromosome
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Visual Concept
6Chromosome Structure, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
- Chromosomes in prokaryotes are simpler in
structure than chromosomes in eukaryotes.
7Chromosome Numbers
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
- Each species has a characteristic number of
chromosomes in each cell.
8Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
9Chromosome Numbers, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
- Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
- Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine
the sex of an organism. - All of the other chromosomes in an organism are
autosomes.
10Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
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Visual Concept
11Chromosome Numbers, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
- Diploid and Haploid Cells
- Cells having two sets of chromosomes are diploid
(2n). - Haploid cells (1n) have only one set of
chromosomes.
12Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Karyotype
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Visual Concept
13Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Objectives
- Describe the events of cell division in
prokaryotes. - Name the two parts of the cell that are equally
divided during cell division in eukaryotes. - Summarize the events of interphase.
- Describe the stages of mitosis.
- Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with
cytokinesis in plant cells. - Explain how cell division is controlled.
14Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
- Cell division is the process by which cells
reproduce themselves.
15Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued
- Binary fission is the process of cell division in
prokaryotes.
16Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
- Cell Cycle
- The cell cycle is the repeating set of events in
the life of a cell. - The cell cycle consists of cell division and
interphase. - Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear
division, called mitosis, and the division of
cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.
17Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued
- Interphase
- Interphase consists of growth (G1), DNA
replication, and preparation for cell division
(G2).
18Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Stages of Mitosis
- Mitosis is divided into stages prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. - Mitosis results in two offspring cells that are
genetically identical to the original cell.
19Stages of Mitosis
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
20Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cytokinesis
- During cytokinesis in animal cells, a cleavage
furrow pinches in and eventually separates the
dividing cell into two cells. - In plant cells, a cell plate separates the
dividing cell into two cells.
21Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Comparing Cell Division in Plants and Animals
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22Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division
- Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many
proteins. - Control occurs at three main checkpoints.
23Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of the Cell Cycle
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24Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division, continued
- When Control is Lost Cancer
- Cancer may result if cells do not respond to
control mechanisms.
25Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Objectives
- Compare the end products of meiosis with those of
mitosis. - Summarize the events of meiosis I.
- Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to
the production of unique individuals. - Summarize the events of meiosis II.
- Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
- Define sexual reproduction.
26Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells
- Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that
reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to
half the number in the original cell. - Meiosis produces haploid gametes.
27Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells, continued
- Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that
reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to
half the number in the original cell. - Meiosis leads to four haploid cells (gametes)
rather than two diploid cells as in mitosis.
28Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis I
- Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I,
anaphase I, and telophase I. - Crossing-over, which is when portions of
homologous chromosomes exchange genetics
material, occurs during prophase I and results in
genetic recombination.
29Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material
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30Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis II
- Meiosis II includes prophase II, metaphase II,
anaphase II, and telophase II. - Four new haploid cells result.
31Stages of Meiosis
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
32Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
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33Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Development of Gametes
- Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm
cells are produced. - Oogenesis is the process that produces mature egg
cells.
34Meiosis in Male and Female Animals
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
35Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Sexual Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring
through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an
egg. - Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are
genetically different from the parents.
36Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Sexual Reproduction
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