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Cell Reproduction Chapter 8 Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes Section 2 Cell Division Section 3 Meiosis – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Table of Contents


1
Table of Contents
Cell Reproduction
Chapter 8
  • Section 1 Chromosomes
  • Section 2 Cell Division
  • Section 3 Meiosis

2
Objectives
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
  • Describe the structure of a chromosome.
  • Identify the differences in structure between
    prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic
    chromosomes.
  • Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different
    species.
  • Explain the differences between sex chromosomes
    and autosomes.
  • Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.

3
Chromosome Structure
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
  • Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of DNA
    and protein.
  • In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins called
    histones to help maintain the compact structure
    of chromosomes.

4
Chromosome Structure
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
5
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Parts of a Chromosome
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
6
Chromosome Structure, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
  • Chromosomes in prokaryotes are simpler in
    structure than chromosomes in eukaryotes.

7
Chromosome Numbers
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
  • Each species has a characteristic number of
    chromosomes in each cell.

8
Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
9
Chromosome Numbers, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
  • Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
  • Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine
    the sex of an organism.
  • All of the other chromosomes in an organism are
    autosomes.

10
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
11
Chromosome Numbers, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
  • Diploid and Haploid Cells
  • Cells having two sets of chromosomes are diploid
    (2n).
  • Haploid cells (1n) have only one set of
    chromosomes.

12
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Karyotype
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
13
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Objectives
  • Describe the events of cell division in
    prokaryotes.
  • Name the two parts of the cell that are equally
    divided during cell division in eukaryotes.
  • Summarize the events of interphase.
  • Describe the stages of mitosis.
  • Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with
    cytokinesis in plant cells.
  • Explain how cell division is controlled.

14
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
  • Cell division is the process by which cells
    reproduce themselves.

15
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued
  • Binary fission is the process of cell division in
    prokaryotes.

16
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
  • Cell Cycle
  • The cell cycle is the repeating set of events in
    the life of a cell.
  • The cell cycle consists of cell division and
    interphase.
  • Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear
    division, called mitosis, and the division of
    cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.

17
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued
  • Interphase
  • Interphase consists of growth (G1), DNA
    replication, and preparation for cell division
    (G2).

18
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Stages of Mitosis
  • Mitosis is divided into stages prophase,
    metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • Mitosis results in two offspring cells that are
    genetically identical to the original cell.

19
Stages of Mitosis
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
20
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cytokinesis
  • During cytokinesis in animal cells, a cleavage
    furrow pinches in and eventually separates the
    dividing cell into two cells.
  • In plant cells, a cell plate separates the
    dividing cell into two cells.

21
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Comparing Cell Division in Plants and Animals
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
22
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division
  • Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many
    proteins.
  • Control occurs at three main checkpoints.

23
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of the Cell Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
24
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division, continued
  • When Control is Lost Cancer
  • Cancer may result if cells do not respond to
    control mechanisms.

25
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Objectives
  • Compare the end products of meiosis with those of
    mitosis.
  • Summarize the events of meiosis I.
  • Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to
    the production of unique individuals.
  • Summarize the events of meiosis II.
  • Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
  • Define sexual reproduction.

26
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells
  • Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that
    reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to
    half the number in the original cell.
  • Meiosis produces haploid gametes.

27
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells, continued
  • Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that
    reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to
    half the number in the original cell.
  • Meiosis leads to four haploid cells (gametes)
    rather than two diploid cells as in mitosis.

28
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis I
  • Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I,
    anaphase I, and telophase I.
  • Crossing-over, which is when portions of
    homologous chromosomes exchange genetics
    material, occurs during prophase I and results in
    genetic recombination.

29
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
30
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis II
  • Meiosis II includes prophase II, metaphase II,
    anaphase II, and telophase II.
  • Four new haploid cells result.

31
Stages of Meiosis
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
32
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
33
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Development of Gametes
  • Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm
    cells are produced.
  • Oogenesis is the process that produces mature egg
    cells.

34
Meiosis in Male and Female Animals
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
35
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Sexual Reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring
    through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an
    egg.
  • Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are
    genetically different from the parents.

36
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Sexual Reproduction
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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