Modern Asia

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Modern Asia

• Ch 24 Notes

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24.1 Communist China

• Chinese Revolution
• Communists take over after long civil war between
  Nationalists and communists
• By 1949 Mao Zedong est the Peoples Republic of
  China
• Chiang Kai Shek and Nationalists fled to Taiwan
• Est the Republic of China there

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China Under Mao

• 1955 Chinese gov launched a program to build a
  socialist society
• Land taken away from lords and given to poor
  peasants
• Most private farmland was collectivized
• Attempted to increase food production which would
  allow more people to work industry
• Most industry and commerce was nationalized

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Great Leap Forward (1958)

• Collective farms turned into communes
• gt30,000 people lived and worked together
• Mao hoped would lead to true communist
  (classless) society
• Proved to be a disaster
• Food production decreased due to bad weather and
  peoples hatred of system
• Almost 15 mill starved to death
• 1960 gov began breaking up communes into
  collective farms with some private plots

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Maos Dream

• A permanent revolution where China could achieve
  the final stage of communism a classless society

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Cultural Revolution (1966)

• Maos Little Red Book was source of knowledge in
  all areas
• Red Guards formed to further the revolution
• Tried to eliminate the Four Olds
• Old ideas
• Old culture
• Old customs
• Old habits
• Some of Red Guard attacked people
• Many people did not support them and wanted a
  permanent revolution

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China After Mao

• Died in September 1976
• Practical-minded reformers led by Deng Xiaoping
  seized power
• Ended the Cultural Revolution

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Deng Xiaopings Policies

• Four Modernizations focused on advancing China
  in 4 ways
• Industry
• Agriculture
• Technology
• National defense

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Updating China

• Had been isolated for 20 years
• Government invited foreign investors into China
  to help make up for that
• Thousands of Chinese students sent abroad to
  study science, technology, and modern business
  techniques

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New Agricultural Policy

• A little capitalism was allowed
• Collective farmers could lease land to peasant
  farmers
• Anything produced on the land beyond amount of
  rent could be sold on the private market
• Peasants allowed to make goods and sell them to
  others

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Modernization Worked

• Overall, policy was a success
• Many complained that it failed because it didnt
  create a democracy
• New leaders still did not allow direct criticism
  of the Communist Party

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More Problems in late 1980s

• More people studied abroad
• More information reached highly educated Chinese
  people
• Economic improvements led to pressure for better
  living conditions and more freedom to choose jobs
  in the cities after graduation
• Rising inflation led to discontent among salaried
  workers, especially in the cities
• Corruption and special treatment of officials and
  party members led to criticism

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Tiananmen Square
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• Students gathered to protest in May of 1989
• Called for an end to corruption
• Led a mass demonstration in Beijing
• Deng Xiaoping ordered tanks and troops into the
  square to squash the demonstration
• Some killed
• Outraged many

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Chinas Relations with the West

• Strained relations
• Human rights violations
• Its determination to unify with Taiwan
• Its increasing military power
• China does maintain diplomatic relations with the
  West

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Social Changes Under Communism

• Womens roles
• Not allowed to participate in politics
• New marriage law in 1950 allowed women equal
  rights with men
• New regime tried to destroy the influence of the
  traditional family system because it undercut
  loyalty to the state
• Similar to USSR
• Children encouraged to report parents who said
  anything against the system

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After Maos Death

• Shift away from revolutionary fervor and return
  to family traditions
• Meant better living conditions
• Parents could choose own names for children, not
  patriotic names
• Clothing choices also changed more toward Western
  fashions

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Shifting Balance of Power in Asia

• In 1950s relations between China and the Soviet
  Union began to deteriorate
• In the 60s their military units often clashed
  along their border
• China had internal problems causing it to focus
  on relations with USA
• 1972 Nixon became 1st president to visit the
  Peoples Republic of China since its creation in
  1949
• 1979 diplomatic relations est between China and
  US

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Relations with China

• During 1980s relations between China and the
  Soviet Union improved
• In 1990s, China began to play a more active role
  in Asian affairs
• In the 200s, China is still strengthening trade
  relations around the world
• In 2002 China joined the World Trade Organization

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24.2 India, Pakistan, Bangladesh

• India
• After WWII the leaders of India realized that
  British India would have to be divided into 2
  countries
• India Hindu
• Pakistan Muslim
• Would be separated into 2 regions with India in
  between

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Gaining Independence

• 1947 India and Pakistan became independent
• Millions of people migrated to areas where their
  religion would be more accepted
• Millions died as a result of the mass migrations
• Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated in January of
  1948
• Ceylon, off coast of India, also became
  independent in 1947
• 1972 changed name to Sri Lanka
• Many ethnic struggles exist there

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India

• Congress Party led by Nehru
• Nehru worked closely with Gandhi for Indian
  independence
• Under Nehrus leadership
• Gov took ownership of major industries,
  utilities, and transportation (socialism)
• Private enterprise was permitted at local level
• Farming left in private hands
• Industrial production almost tripled between 1950
  and 1965

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After Nehru died, his daughter Indira Gandhi
became prime minister

• Faced 2 problems
• Biggest problem huge populationg rowth
• During 1950s and 60s the population grew at a
  rate of 2 a year
• One result of this was worsening poverty
• Ethnic and religious conflict
• Many Sikhs (followers of religion based on both
  Hindu and Muslim beliefs) lived in Punjab and
  wanted independence
• Gandhi used military force in 1984
• Some Sikhs wanted revenge and Gandhi was
  assassinated later that year

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Next Prime Minister Rajiv

• Indira Gandhis son
• Began some new economic policies
• Encouraged private enterprise and transfer
  state-run industries into private hands
  (capitalism)
• He was assassinated in 1991 while he was running
  for re-election
• Conflict continued between Hindus and Muslims
• Ex long-term dispute over Kashmir

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Pakistan

• Early years of its independence were marked by
  internal conflicts
• Growing division between East and West Pakistan
• Many in East Pakistan felt government (based in
  West Pakistan) was ignoring their needs
• 1971 East Pakistan declared its independence
• After civil war, it became Bangladesh

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Bangladesh and Pakistan

• Have had trouble establishing stable governments
• Have had military officials seize control of
  civilian government many times
• Both are also quite poor

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Afghanistan

• Many similarities to both Asia and Middle East
• Taliban
• Islamist militant group that ruled parts of
  Afghanistan
• Connection to Bin Laden
• Ousted with US war on terror

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24.3 Other Asian Nations

• Japan
• Occupied by US from 1945 to 1952
• MacArthur was in charge
• September 1951 occupation ended with treaty
  signed by US and other former WWII allies that
  restored independence to Japan
• Another treaty allowed the US to use Japanese
  bases
• Gave US a stronghold in Asia

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1947 MacArthur Constitution

• Set up a parliamentary gov that maintained armed
  forces at levels sufficient only for defense
• Emperors power greatly reduced
• Guaranteed basic civil political rights
• Gave women the right to vote
• Showed a lot of American influence
• Today Japan has a stable democracy

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Reforms in Japan

• Land reforms land sold on easy credit terms to
  tenant farmers
• Created a strong class of independent farmers
• Zaibatsu large business conglomeration
• Supposed to dismantle but only effected 19
• New system created of ties between companies

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Reforms Cont.

• Education new system meant to eliminate
  aggressiveness, stressed individualism
• Women right to vote
• Encouraged to participate in politics but not
  to men
• Paid less than men
• Most jobs were in retail or service occupations

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Japanese Miracle

• Economic
• State Capitalism central gov plays active role
  in the economy
• Est price and wage policies
• Subsidized vital industries
• Very fast economic recovery
• Between 1946 and 1967 Japans gross national
  product grew at a rate of 10 a year
• In 2000 their GNP was gtBritain and Frances
  combined and ½ of the USAs

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What caused the economic miracle?

• Cultural factors
• Group oriented so they cooperate well
• Hard working and frugal
• Highly skilled labor force
• Share common values and respond in similar ways
  to the challenges of the modern world

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• Practical reasons
• More modern factories since they had to rebuild
• Spend more time at work than in other industrial
  societies
• Corporations reward innovation and maintain good
  management-labor relations
• Some say unfair business practices like dumping
  goods at low prices to break into a foreign
  market and restrict imports from other countries

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Problems Still Exist

• 2 recent prime ministers have been forced to
  resign over improper financial dealings with
  business associates
• Questions about textbooks detailing crimes
  committed by the Japanese government and armed
  forces in WWII

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Other Asian Nations

• Most struggling economically
• Few exceptions 4 Asian Tigers/Little Dragons
• South Korea
• Taiwan
• Singapore
• Hong Kong
• Have made significant economic advances

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South Korea

• Split from North Korea after Korean War
  (1950-1953)
• More advanced than North Korea
• Officially a democratic government
• Have an autocratic leader
• People often denied their rights
• Economically lot of economic development
• Samsung, Daewoo, Hyundai (Kia is owned by Hyundai)

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Taiwan

• Chiang Kai-shek as leader
• Have been disputes over what gov controls it,
  Chiang Kai-sheks or the mainland gov of China
• Protected by the US military
• Land reform program peasants could own farmland
• Doubled food production
• Local manufacturing and commerce are emerging
• After Kai-sheks death, gov became more
  democratic but there are still some questions
  about its independence

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Singapore

• Industrial economy
• Based on shipbuilding, oil refineries, and
  electronics
• Major banking center for South East Asia
• Citizens are demanding a more democratic
  government

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Hong Kong

• Industrial powerhouse
• Until 1997, it was under British control
• Now China owns it
• Has promised to allow it to live under a
  capitalist system for 50 years and allow it to be
  self-governing

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Australia and New Zealand

• Culturally more like Europe
• Political system based on European models
• Some trends tie them more closely to Asia
• gt ½ of the immigrants to Australia in recent
  years are from Asian nations
• 60 of Australias export markets in East Asia
• Uncertain as to whether they will become an
  integral part of the Asia-Pacific region